Chapter 3: Society & Culture

Question 1

Society

Answer 1

Individuals who live together in a geographical area; share a culture & territory; composed of structures that organize group life

Question 2

Hardware

Answer 2

Society

Question 3

Software

Answer 3

Culture

Question 4

Culture

Answer 4

Ideas and things passed down from one generation to another; knowledge, beliefs, values, rules, laws, language, etc.; provides guidelines for tasks of members

Question 5

Society structures

Answer 5

Positions we hold, groups we belong to, institutions we participate in

Question 6

Types of societies (Emile Durkheim)

Answer 6

Mechanical and organic societies

Question 7

Mechanical societies

Answer 7

Small, simple, premodern, held together by common beliefs, values and emotional ties; similarity of individuals in the group

Question 8

Organic societies

Answer 8

Large complex societies; held together by interdependence of specialized individuals; differences in individuals in the group

Question 9

Evolution of societies

Answer 9

Vary in terms of division of labor, interdependence of positions, technological advancement, forms and uses of energy

Question 10

Types of societies

Answer 10

Hunter-gatherer, herding/agricultural, agricultural, industrial, post-industrial

Question 11

Hunter-gatherer societies

Answer 11

First societies; rely on veg & animals; nomadic; division of labor by gender & age; mechanical solidarity

Question 12

Herding/horticulture society

Answer 12

Control food production; advancement; mechanical solidarity

Question 13

Agriculture society

Answer 13

More efficient than horticulture; plow, irrigation advancements; feudal system born

Question 14

Industrial societies

Answer 14

Machines replace human & animal power

Question 15

Postindustrial & information societies

Answer 15

Move from human labor and manufacturing to automated production and service jobs; organic solidarity

Question 16

Culture

Answer 16

Ideas and material objects passed on from generation to gen; includes beliefs, values, customs, material products; evolves and adapts over time; ongoing & cumulative

Question 17

Ethnocentrism

Answer 17

Tendency to view ones own group and it’s cultural expectations as right, proper, & superior to others

Question 18

Cultural relativism

Answer 18

Setting aside ones own cultural beliefs & prejudices in order to understand another group through that eyes of its own members

Question 19

Components of culture

Answer 19

Material & non material

Question 20

Material culture

Answer 20

Includes all objects we can see or touch, all artifacts of a group of people

Question 21

Nonmaterial culture

Answer 21

Invisible parts of culture; beliefs, values, norms, language

Question 22

Ideal culture

Answer 22

Practices, beliefs and values that are regarded as most desirable and are consciously taught (what should happen)

Question 23

Real culture

Answer 23

Way things in society are actually done (what really happens)

Question 24

Values

Answer 24

Nonmaterial shared judgments about what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, good or bad

Question 25

Beliefs

Answer 25

Ideas we hold about life, about how society works, and where we fit into it

Question 26

Norms

Answer 26

Rules of behavior shared by members of a society abc rooted in the value system

Question 27

Types of norms

Answer 27

Folkways, mores, laws, taboos

Question 28

Folkways

Answer 28

Customs or desirable behaviors that are not strictly enforced

Question 29

Mores

Answer 29

Customs or desirable behaviors that have great moral significance, and are more strictly enforced

Question 30

Taboos

Answer 30

Actions considered unthinkable or unspeakable in a culture

Question 31

Laws

Answer 31

Norms that have been formally encoded by political power

Question 32

Sanctions

Answer 32

Behaviors that reinforce norms through rewards or penalties, can be formal or informal, positive or negative

Question 33

Language

Answer 33

Foundation of every culture

Question 34

Linguistic relativity theory

Answer 34

People who speak a specific language make interpretations of their reality based on their knowledge of language

Question 35

Micro cultures

Answer 35

Micro level analysis; organizations that influence only a small segment of an individual's life (hospitals, Girl Scouts)

Question 36

Subculture

Answer 36

Meso level

Question 37

Counterculture

Answer 37

Meso level

Question 38

National society

Answer 38

Population living in the same geographical location connected by common values, goals etc

Question 39

Globalization

Answer 39

Process where the entire culture is becoming a "single socio cultural place"

Question 40

Cultural lag

Answer 40

Technology and material culture change more rapidly than nonmaterial culture

Question 41

Ethnocide

Answer 41

Destruction of a culture