Chapter 3 SS Flashcards
1
Q
What rivers provide water for France ?
A
Rhône, Garonne and Seine
2
Q
Who were the people that owned most of the land ?
A
Aristocrats , royal family , and clergy
3
Q
What crops was produced in France ?
A
Wheat , rye , grapes , corn , sugar beets
4
Q
Why didn’t France produce the same value as other farms in the county ?
A
- they used medieval farming methods
- small plots of land
- little pay
- large amount of taxes
- victims of epidemics and famine
- forbidden to kill or drive off animals that killed livestock or crops
- aristocrats chased game animal through the fields which trampled the crops .
5
Q
Where did most people in city come from ?
A
Country side , in search of work
6
Q
What jobs did city life people have ?
A
Shop keepers , artisans , clerks, laborers
7
Q
What happened to the people who were poor ?
A
Beggars , vagrants , and thieves
8
Q
Why was bread so expensive and important to them ?
A
Inflation made flour very expensive . Bread was the staple diet of most French people .
9
Q
Inflation
A
A situation in which the price of goods rise quickly
10
Q
Monopoly
A
The exclusive right to sell a product to a group of people
11
Q
Tariff
A
Tax
12
Q
Toll
A
A charge to use a road or bridge
13
Q
Infrastructure
A
The roads, canals, and other means of communication and travel within a community .
14
Q
Who was the middle class ?
A
The bourgeoisie
15
Q
Why were the bourgeoisie important to the economy ?
A
They invested in new business ventures
16
Q
Why was it hard to make a profit as a bourgeoisie?
A
- some people held monopolies on the production of certain goods
- France was divided into many different districts, each with its own tariffs and tolls
- lack of decent roads and calamba
- government did not do much to develop an infrastructure
17
Q
How long did Louis XIV rule ?
A
72 years
18
Q
What did Louis XIV believe ?
A
He was the centre of French life and culture .
- called himself sun king (light of the nation )
“ I am the nation “
-absolute monarchy
19
Q
Where was his palace ?
A
Versailles
20
Q
What was the law during king Louis’s XIV reign ?
A
His word was law . whatever he says , happens .
21
Q
What did Louis XIV force his important nobels to go ?
A
His palace in Versailles
- he became the centre of their lives
- everything they did required Louis’s approval
- nobels took ballet lessons
- nobels had little to do because they were not part of the government
22
Q
Edict of Nantes
A
The edict of Nantes granted Calvinist Protestants ( Huguenots) of France substantial rights .
23
Q
Why did Louis XIV go to war ?
A
Promote his own interest and expand French territory .
24
Q
Deficit
A
The money the government is short each year after it pays bills
25
What happened during the late 1660s?
France has wars with the Dutch = secured some territory in the southerners stern part of France Louis XIV
26
How did Louis XIV involve himself in the politics of Holy Roman Empire
Louis XIV claimed that the French monarch had special rights within the Roman Catholic Church
27
What effects did the persecution of Huguenots cause ?
- decline in population
- lost education and techniques
- lost a number of skilled craftsmen
28
How old was Louis XV when he came to the throne ?
5
29
When did Louis XIV die ?
1715
30
When did Louis XVI come to throne ?
1774
31
What were the problems during Louis XVI's reign ?
- he did not have the qualities of a ruler
- not interested in governing
- left decisions to others
- Louis had limited contact with the middle / lower classes
- laws were different in different parts of the country
- no main language ( hard to communicate )
- different taxes in different regions ( made problems for merchants and trade / economy )
- POVERTY
32
When did Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI get married ?
1770
33
Why did people dislike Marie Antoinette ?
- offended many aristocrats with her attitudes toward traditional French manners and courtesies
- idealized view of peasant life and even built a little farm at Versailles so she could PLAY at farming
- did little to win hearts of subjects
- very extravagant and loved fine things , spending large sums on JEWELS
- alleged involvement in the affair of the diamond necklace ( worth more than the annual income of France )
- offended that she spent a fortune on herself when there are many people who lived in poverty
- definite opinions , but no learning or experience to bad her judgements
- selected government ministers without knowing the responsibilities of their portfolios
- dismissed people she disliked (A.R Turgot )
34
What did A.R Turgot want ? And who was he ?
Controller general of finances , he wanted the court to echo miss and proposed that nobels be taxed
35
Portfolio
The area of responsibility of a government official
36
Catalyst
Something that helps other things to change
37
Salon
A meeting of intellectuals to discuss exciting ideas
38
Bigotry
Prejudice
39
Reason
The ability to think critically and draw logical concussions
40
What were salons for ?
Where people shared ideas about society, religion and government
41
What was the enlightenment also called ?
Age of reason
42
What were most philsophes have conflict with ?
Church and monarchy
43
Who formulated the law of gravity ?
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
44
Who created the new branch of philosophy known as empiricism ?
John Locke (1632-1704)
45
Empiricism
Meant that knowledge was possible only through experience of the world . You could not know anything unless yo experienced it through your senses
46
Beliefs of Voltaire ?
- against church
- freedom of thought
- absolute monarchy was good for the society
- hated injustice
- freedom of speech
47
Who supported Voltaire ?
Accepted by rulers of other nations ( Frederick of Prussia )
48
What did Montesquieu believe ?
```
Believed that the ruler had to work with elected parliaments
-constitutional monarchy:
Executive ( enforces law )
Legislative ( makes law )
Judiciary ( interprets laws )
-must rule in honor , rather than fear .
```
49
Who supported Montesquieu ?
Parliament / government
50
Jean Jacques Rosseau Beliefs ?
- society needed a social contract
- citizens needed to agree to what majority wanted
- believed in what he called " natural law "
- people have a arrivals good will that is destroyed by government and modern society
- rank and nobility should be abolished
51
Who supported Rousseau ?
People who should live in harmony with nature
52
Who was against Rousseau ?
- Skeptics
- Philosophes who hated all forms of superstition
- Voltaire
53
Who was against Voltaire ?
- Church and government
| - Rousseau
54
Republican government
A government in which all power rests with the citizens who vote to elect their leaders
55
Why was the France bankrupt ?
Morning spent by Louis XIV
| -too much spending ( wasting )
56
How was the royal court spilt ?
- one supported the king = changes to economy
| - one supported queen = more power to nobels
57
What did the middle class, working class and aristocrats demand ?
Some sort of Democracy
58
Why did Philosophes find that France was backward ?
- absolute monarchy ( medieval )
- families could not afford to keep their children .. Abandoned them . ( over 40,000 children were abandoned )
- machines were unemploying workers
- starvation
59
Who were the estate generals ?
Estates general included representatives from the three estates of France
60
Who were the members of the first estate ?
Clergy
61
Who were the members of the second estate ?
Aristocrats
62
Philosophes
Educated rights and benefits not given to all people
63
What class made up the third estate ?
Middle class .
64
How did the estate vote ?
They all voted as a bloc . ( a group )
65
Why did the first and second estate have an advantage ?
They did not worry about the problems that the third estate had to deal with
66
When did Louis order the estates general to meet at Versailles ?
1789
67
What did Louis plan to give to the estates during their meeting in Versailles ?
Some token of responsibilities ( fixing tax system )
| - they refused
68
What happened when the estates general met in May ?
None of its member would bow to the king's wishes .
69
What happened after six weeks of progress of the meeting in Versailles ?
The third estate broke with the other estates . Led by count Mirabeau , they formed a new government called National Assembly .
70
What was the goal of the National Assembly ?
A new constitution for France
71
What happened after he king tried to lock up he sure if their meeting ?
Delegates retreated to the Royal Tennis Courts
72
What oath did they take at the meeting ?
Tennis court oath
73
What was the tennis court oath ?
A pledge that they would continue meeting until France had a new form of government .
74
How did king Louis respond to the tennis court oath ?
He was forced to backdown and Oder the other two estates to join the National Assembly .
75
How did Louis respond when mobs began attacking Bastille ?
Louis sent gorge in mercenary ( a paid solider ) troops to Paris and Versailles .
76
What did the mercenary troops do ?
The people thought Louis sen it to end the revolution but the army joined them .
77
When did a great mob attack the royal prison / fortress ?
July 14 , 1789
78
What happened when the Bastille were captured ?
The seven prisoners in Bastille were released . They cut off the governors head and praised it through the streets .
79
How did Louis respond to the fall of the Bastille ?
He agreed to send his mercenary soldiers away .
80
What army was formed to keep order in Paris ? Who commanded it ?
The army was called ' National Guard ' and Marquis de Lafayette ( a hero of the American Revolution ) commanded the army
81
What was the great fear ?
The fear of king's soldiers and aristocrats would stop the revolution . The feelings resulted in a panic called he " great fear "
82
What did the great fear cause citizens to do ?
Peasants stormed in the châteaux of aristocrats and burned them to the ground . Killed hundreds of people . They invaded off its and burned feudal certificates and papers that recorded their obligations to the lords .
83
When we the great fear ?
July 1789
84
Where did the great fear not spread?
Normandy or Brittany and low lands of Flanders .
85
châteaux
The mansions and great estates of the rich .
86
When did the National Assembly meet in Versailles ?
August 4, 1789
87
What did the National Assembly do to all feudal rights and privileges ?
Abolished it and ended serfdom . Declared all people equal before law.
88
What did many people think about the National Assembly ?
They were out of touch with conditions in the cities . they felt that the government needed to come to Paris and not be isolated in Versailles .
89
What could the National Assembly not solve ?
The continuing food crisis
90
What happened on October 1789 ?
The national guard and many women attacked the National Assembly and stormed the palace . The king and queen agreed to go back to Paris .
91
When was the declaration of rights of Man and the citizen passed by National Assembly ?
Late August , 1789
92
What did he Declaration of Independence contain ?
- guaranteed freedom of though speech , religion , security and property ,
- put limits on power of the government
93
What happens when the National Assembly arrive at Paris ?
They quickly developed a new constitution .
- Most of the old system was swept away
- noble titles were declared obsolete .
- Everyone was given the title ' citizen '
- government seized control of the church and property
- certificates ( assignats ) were to be redeemed when church lands were sold
- believed it was solving the country's financial problems
94
Emigrés
People who leave one country for another .
95
What were the Emigrés doing outside of France ?
Trying to restore the old system
96
What happened in 1791 ?
Queen and king and their children tried to escape the country .
97
What was Louis's motive when he tried to leave the country ?
His motive was to obtain foreign aid in order to restore his monarchy .
98
Where was the royal family recognized when trying to escape France ? What happened to them there ?
Varennes . They were arrested and imprisoned , the kit was forced to accept France's new constitution .
99
What happened on October 1, 1791 ?
The newly formed legislative assembly convened for the first time .
100
What did the legislative assembly try to establish ?
A workable government but too many grips were struggling for power .
101
Radicals
Someone who wants major change quickly .
102
What did the radicals want ?
A republic
103
What did the moderates want ?
Constitutional monarchy
104
What did the monarchists want ?
Restore most of the king's power
105
What did people join instead of political parties ?
Political clubs
106
Who were the Girondists ?
- most members came from an are of France called the Gironde
- originally a branch of Jacobin Club
- they were viewed too conservative by some revolutionaries
- started off as moderates
- leader : Madame Roland
107
Who were the Jacobins ?
- radicals
- started off as moderates
- responsible for reign of terror
- Girondists lost to them --> sent to guillotine
- leader : Danton and Robespierre
108
What did Girondists and Jacobins want ?
Sweeping changes in the government
109
Who were the sans-culottes ?
- Mainly poor people from Paris and larger cities
- resented the bourgeoisie and against reforms that would benefit the business class .
- led by : Jean- Paul Marat
110
What did the Sans-culottes want ?
- national government to lower prices and supply bread to the poor
- execute the king and aristocrats
111
Who were Marat , Danton and Robespierre ?
Radical leaders of the revolution
112
What did Marat , Danton and Robespierre want ?
- opposed to deals with monarchy
- bring king to trail and execution
- destroy anyone who seemed to have sympathy for the old system
113
Who was the most radical of Marat , Danton and Robespierre ?
Marat
114
How was Marat killed ?
Murdered in his bath by Charlotte Corday ( Girondist ) 1793
115
When did France and Austria declare war ?
Spring of 1792
116
What happened at Valmy during the wars ?
French armies won a victory
117
What happened when people started lose faith in the revolution during the war ?
Marat, Danton and Robespierre made patriot speeches about how foreign troops would destroy the country and all their hard earned rights
118
What newly elected body decided that the king should be tried for his crimes against the country and executed ?
The national convention
119
When was Louis Capet guillotined ?
January 21, 1793
120
When was Marie Antoinette guillotined ?
October , 1793
121
When was the reign of terror ?
1793 - 1794
122
What happened during the reign of terror ?
Government had extraordinary powers .
- reorganization of the armed forces
- new legislation was passed to regulate business
- food speculators were guillotined and all granaries and bakeries were placed under state control
123
What harsh laws were passed during the reign of terror ?
These laws were designed to intimidate or elongate anyone who disagrees with the radicals Jacobins .
124
What was the law of suspects ?
Provided the arrest of anyone of the noble family or who had held office before the revolution .
125
Food speculators
A person who deals in a product and hopes to take advantage of a sudden rise or fall in prices
126
When was Danton beheaded ? And why ?
He stood of to government . 1794
127
What happened after danton's execution ?
Robespierre ruled France with powers of a dictator
128
What changes did Robespierre make to France ?
- introduced the revolutionary calendar
- metric system was introduced
- army was more efficient
- new schools and universities were set up to educate the population
- confiscated all property of the Emigrés
129
Who replaced the radical Jacobins ?
Thermidoreans
130
What did the thermidoreans want ?
Anxious to bring peace to the revolution
131
What replaced the rule of Robespierre ?
The directory
132
Who controlled the directory ?
Middle class
133
During the rule of the directory who got the most power ? And privileges ?
People of property or land . This group was not allowed to vote and elect members to government
134
What happened during the directory rule ?
/Days of equality was gone
| - Napoleon soon replaced the directory in a new form of government
135
What was the civil constitution of clergy ? And when was it issued ?
July 12, 1790
An attempt to reorganize the Roman Catholic Church .
136
Committee of public safety ?
Created March 1793 by the national convention to protect France from foreign attackers
