Chapter 3 Test Bio Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
What is a hierarchy?
A
Hierarchy: an organizational structure, with more complex or important things at the top and simpler or less important things below it
2
Q
What is the cellular level?
A
The simplest level of organization
Ex. Muscle cell
3
Q
What is the tissue level?
A
A collection of similar cells that perform a particular, but limited, function
Ex. Muscle tissue
4
Q
What is the organ level?
A
A structure composed of different tissues working together to perform a complex body function
Ex. Heart organ
5
Q
What is the organ system level?
A
A system of one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major vital body function such as digestion or reproduction
Ex. Circulatory system
6
Q
What is the organism level?
A
A system of one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major vital body function
Ex. Deer organism
7
Q
What do animals have?
A
Animals have four major types of tissue; each of which contains many types of specialized cells.
8
Q
What is the epithelial tissue and its function?
A
Ex. skin, lining of the digestive system
Description: Thin sheets of tightly packed cells covering surfaces and lining internal organs
Function: protection from dehydration, low-friction surfaces
9
Q
What is the connective tissue and its function?
A
Ex. bone, tendons, blood
Description: various types of cells and fibres held together by a liquid, a solid or a gel, known as a matrix
Function: support, insulation, Connective tissue is a type of tissue in the body that supports, protects, and provides structure to other tissues and organs. It connects different parts of the body and helps maintain their form.
- long elastic ligaments and cartilage
- -hold bones and cushion them so they dont intefere with one anotyher
10
Q
What is the muscle tissue and its function?
A
Ex. muscles that make bones, muscles surrounding the digestive tract, heart
Description: bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins capable of shortening or contracting
Function: movement
11
Q
What is the nerve tissue and its function?
A
Ex. brain, nerves in sensory organs
Description: long, thin cells with fine branches at the ends capable of conducting electrical impulses
Function: sensory, communication within the body, coordination of body functions
12
Q
How do cells start out their lives and what do they become?
A
→ All cells start their lives as identical cells called stem cells (not designed to do any function yet)
→ the process that produces specialized cells is cellular differentiation
13
Q
What is a stem cell?
A
→ A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that can be divided into specialized cells
14
Q
What are the 2 different types of stem cells?
A
Embryonic and tissue stem cells
15
Q
What are embroyonic stem cells?
A
Embryonic: can differentiate into any kind of cell
Ex. when a baby is conceived, embryonic cells can turn into any cell in the body to help construct the baby
16
Q
What are tissue stem cells?
A
Tissue stem cells: exist within specialized tissue and can differentiate into specific types of cells
Ex. bone marrow cells can turn into white blood cells red blood cells or platelets
17
Q
What happens in the cord blood cell banking?
A
Blood from the umbilical cord right after birth has many stem cells (similar to tissue stem cells) that can develop into various kinds of blood cells
This blood is easy to obtain and can be stored for treatment for childhood cancers (ex. leukemia)
18
Q
What are tissue stem cells used for?
A
Tissue cells can be used as treatments for diseases
For example, bone marrow can be extracted to treat leukemia. This is called a bone marrow transplant
19
Q
What occurs in a bone marrow transplant?
A
In a bone marrow transplant, all existing cancerous blood cells are killed, then bone marrow from a donor is injected into the patient to produce healthy and cancer-free blood cells
20
Q
What is regeneration and tissue engineering?
A
Certain animals can regenerate tissues (the tissue can repair itself) ex. Salamanders, starfish and flatworms
Scientists are looking to mimic ways to regenerate tissues, such as lost limbs for amputees
This field is called tissue engineering
21
Q
What is organ transplantation?
A
Tissue transplants have been done since the early 1800s
The first successful organ transplant was in 1954 (a kidney)
Some organs and tissues can be successfully and safely transplanted from living donors (ex. Lung, kidney, liver), and others can be taken only from deceased donors (ex. Skin, corneas, pancreas)
22
Q
What is xenotransplantation?
A
Xenotransplantation is the transporting of body parts from one species to another (ex. Heart valves from pigs)
23
Q
What is the digestive system?
A
→ The digestive system is an organ system that is made of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Large intestine, rectum and anus
→ It is the system that takes in, breaks up and digests food, then excretes the waste
24
Q
What are the accessory organs?
A
→ The accessory organs are the liver, pancreas and gallbladder
25
What does the epiglottis do?
→ Fact: Epiglottis closes door to trachea so the bolus *broken down food) does not go through
TRACHEA NOT PART OF THIS SYSTEM
26
What occurs in the digestive tract?
→ The entire length of the digestive tract is lined with epithelial tissue which is made up of many different types of cells, including goblet cells that secrete mucus
27
What 2 functions does the mucus secreted by goblet cells serve?
It protects the digestive tube from digestive enzymes
It allows the material to pass smoothly along the tube
28
What occurs at the mouth stage of the digestive system?
→ Start the process of breaking down food.
→ It does this in two ways:
Mechanically (with teeth and tongue)
Chemically with an enzyme called SALIVARY AMYLASE or saliva (made by epithelial tissue in the mouth) that breaks down complex carbohydrates (starches)
29
What is an enzyme?
Enzyme: a chemical that speeds up chemical reactions in the body
30
What occurs in the esophagus?
→ A muscular tube connecting your mouth to your stomach
→ The muscles are a special type, called smooth muscle tissue, which can contract and relax without conscious thought, but are controlled by nerve tissue
→ This tissue helps to move food along
31
What occurs in the stomach stage?
→ Main function is to hold food and churn food to assist in digestion
→ Smooth muscle tissue contract to mix the food (mechanical)
→ Enzyme producing cells in the stomach called PEPSIN release HCL to help chemically digest food (chemical)
→ The stomach is lined with mucus to prevent it from being harmed by its own acids
→ The stomach is rich with nerves that signal when we are full
32
Give a summary of the intestines stage
→ Between the stomach and the anus and are lined with epithelial cells that produce mucus
→ The intestines are covered in many fine blood vessels and contain smooth muscles that contract and relax to pass food along
33
What occurs in the small intestine?
Function: enzymes (solid molecules) break down food into smaller molecules and these nutrients diffuse into the bloodstream, some enzymes that function here are…lactase (digest lactose), sucrase(digest sucrose), lipase(digest fat)
major site of gas exchange, nutrient absorption into capillaries, no mechanical movement
34
What is the large intestine stage?
Length: 1.5 m, larger in diameter
Function: absorbs water from indigestible food
By the time indigestible materials have reached the colon, most nutrients and up to 90% of the water has been absorbed by the small intestine. The role of the ascending colon is to absorb the remaining water and other key nutrients from the indigestible material, solidifying it to form stool.
35
What is the rectum stage?
→ Stores feces from the large intestine
36
What is the anus stage?
→ Facilitates the elimination of feces from the digestive system
37
What does the liver do?
→ The liver produces bile, which is used to help break down fats consumed
38
What does the gallbladder do?
→ Bile is stored in the gallbladder
39
What does the pancreas do?
→ The pancreas produces insulin which is used to regulate glucose (sugar) in the blood
40
Why are enzymes, bile and insulin added in the digestive system?
→ Enzymes, bile and insulin are added to the digestive system to break down foods
41
What is the circulatory system?
→ The cells in your body require a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients
→ They also require the removal of carbon dioxide and wastes
→ The circulatory system ensures that both delivery and clean up of these wastes occur by transporting blood throughout the body
42
What are the three main parts of the circulatory system?
Blood
Heart
Blood Vessels
43
What is blood made up of?
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma
44
Explain red blood cells
Red Blood cells: makes up half the blood’s volume and contain a protein called hemoglobin (iron inside), which allows them to transport oxygen throughout the body
45
Explain white blood cells
White Blood cells: are infection fighting cells in your blood. They makes up less than 1% of blood’s volume
46
Explain platelets
Platelets: Tiny cells that help in blood clotting. They also comprise of less than 1% of the blood volume
47
Explain plasma
Plasma: Protein rich, pale yellow liquid that carries the blood cells along. It makes up over half of the blood’s volume
48
What tissues make up the heart?
Cardiac muscle tissue
Nerve tissue
Connective tissue
49
What is the cardiac muscle tissue?
→ Only found in heart, assists in the contracting of the heart to pump blood
50
Explain the movement of gases in the heart
→ Upper right chamber (right atrium) receives carbon dioxide rich blood from the body
→ The carbon dioxide rich blood moves into the lower right chamber (right ventricle), which pumps it to the lungs
→ Inside the lungs, the blood gets rid of the carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen again
→ The upper left chamber (left atrium) receives the oxygen rich blood from the lungs
→ The oxygen-rich blood moves into the lower left chamber (left ventricle), which pumps it into the body
51
What does pulmonary mean?
lungs
52
What are the parts of the heart?
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Left atrium
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
53
What are the three types of blood vessels?
arteries, veins and capillaries
54
What are arteries?
→ carry blood away from the heart
→ it's under greater pressure than blood in other vessels
→ the walls of arteries are much thicker to withstand this pressure
55
What are veins?
→ carry blood towards the heart
→ this blood is at a lower pressure so the walls of the vein are not thick
→ the veins have valves in them to prevent the backflow of blood
Veins have one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward, ensuring it moves toward the heart. These valves are like swinging doors, opening to allow blood flow and closing to prevent backflow
56
What are capillaries?
→ tiny, very narrow blood vessels that have very thin walls that allow substances to diffuse between the blood and other body fluids and tissues
→ blood is going very slow here
→ one cell thick
→ oxygen in, carbon dioxide out
57
What do coronary arteries do?
→ Coronary arteries allows the heart to receive blood through branching from the aorta into capillaires which deliver oxygen and glucose to the heart
58
What do coronary veins do?
→ Coronary veins takes deoxygenated blood to the right atrium where the blood with travel the pathway to become oxygenated
59
What does the respiratory system do?
→ The respiratory system is responsible for providing the oxygen needed by the body and for removing the carbon dioxide produced as your body uses energy for growth, repair, and movement
→ The respiratory system works in close collaboration with the circulatory system
60
What are the parts of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity/oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm
61
Show the movement of carbon dioxde and oxygen between lungs, circulatory system and tissues
Lungs → Oxygen → Circulatory → Tissues
Tissues → carbon dioxide → circulatory → lungs
62
What lines the trachea and bronchi?
→ Some epithelial cells that line the trachea and bronchi produce mucus, and many have cilia (hairlike projections)
The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the airways. Scattered throughout the cilia are goblet cells that secrete mucus which helps protect the lining of the bronchus and trap microorganisms.
63
Why is it better to breathe through the nose?
→ It is better to breathe through the nose than the mouth as the nose has hairs and mucus. The nose's ability to filter, humidify, and warm inhaled air, which helps protect the lungs and improve respiratory health
64
What does the cillia do?
→ Cilia help move mucus and filter out any foreign material that might enter the system
65
What does the bronchi do?
→ The bronchi deliver air into the lungs
Mucus in the trachea, or windpipe, is crucial for protecting the lungs. It acts as a barrier, trapping dust, allergens, and other debris before they can reach the lungs. The mucus is then moved upwards by tiny hair-like structures called cilia, ultimately leading to expulsion from the body through coughing or swallowing.
66
What is the trachea made up of?
→ The trachea is supported by rings of cartilage
→ This keeps the trachea open and allows the air to flow freely
67
What is the main purpose of the respiratory system?
→ The main purpose of the respiratory system is gas exchange
68
Explain the structure and relation of aveoli to capillaries.
→ Each of the bronchi branch again and again, ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli
→ The alveoli have very thin walls
→ Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries
→ Oxygen and carbon dioxide have only to diffuse through two thin walls: the walls of the capillaries and the walls of the alveoli
→ Each alveolus is surrounded by a capillary network to ensure a good blood supply
→ The alveoli provide a huge surface area in the lungs across which oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse
69
Why does diffusion occur between the aveoli and capillaries?
→ The concentration of oxygen in the blood that flows through the lungs is always less than the concentration of oxygen in the air in the alveoli
→ This means that oxygen always diffuses into the blood
→ Excess carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood and into the air in the alveoli
70
What does the diaphragm do?
→ Involves muscles that move the ribs, making the rib cage expand and contract
→ Also involves the diaphragm, a large sheet of muscle underneath the lungs
→ Together, the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs increase or decrease the volume of the lungs
→ As the volume of the lung changes, the pressure inside them also changes
→ In this way, fresh air flows into and out of the alveoli
→ Diaphragm allows lungs to expand
71
What occurs during exhalation?
Muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes and is dome-shaped
Pressure of gas in lungs will increase
High pressure goes to low pressure so air will move outwards
Volume decrease
72
What occurs during inhalation?
Volume increase
Muscles contract
Diaphragm flattens and contracts
Low pressure meaning that the higher pressure outside will move inside
73
How is our breathing controlled? How is it related to pH?
→ The control over our breathing is involuntary, and is controlled by a part of the brain that detects the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood (CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 carbonic acid, this causes pH in blood to decrease)
The brain regulates the amount of carbon dioxide that is exhaled by controlling the speed and depth of breathing (ventilation). The amount of carbon dioxide exhaled, and consequently the pH of the blood, increases as breathing becomes faster and deeper.
As blood pH drops (becomes more acidic), the parts of the brain that regulate breathing are stimulated to produce faster and deeper breathing (respiratory compensation). Breathing faster and deeper increases the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled, which raises the blood pH back toward normal.
74
What happens when the level of carbon dioxide increases?
→ As the level of carbon dioxide increases, the brain sends signals to the diaphragm, the muscles between the ribs and the heart
→ The breathing rate increases and the heart beats faster
75
Explain the process of the systems allowing for cellular respiration to occur.
→ Cellular respiration requires glucose (food) and oxygen
→ The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs and the digestive systems breaks down the food into nutrients, such as glucose
→ The circulatory system enters the picture and transports glucose, oxygen and other nutrients from the digestive system to the cells
→ Now the cells can perform cellular respiration
76
Explain the process of carbon dioxide travelling through the systems
→ The circulatory system can also transport carbon dioxide waste from the cells to the lungs of the respiratory system
→ Through gas exchange in the lungs, the carbon dioxide waste is removed from your body when you breathe out
77
The cell in your big toe requires both oxygen and nutrients to perform cellular respiration
Trace movement of both from outside body into big toe
Do oxygen here
Nasal cavity - filter mucus through cilia hairs
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveoli - gas exchange
Capillary - gas exchange
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium - right side of heart not part of this
Left ventricle
Aorta
Artery (aorta branches into artery)
Capillary - artery branches into capillaries, gas exchange where oxygen leaves capillary to diffuse into the cell
Big toe cell - gas exchange
78
The cell in your big toe requires both oxygen and nutrients to perform cellular respiration
Trace movement of both from outside body into big toe
Do nutrient here
Mouth - mechanical (teeth and tongue), chemical (salivary amylase)
Esophagus
Stomach - mechanical (muscles churn food), chemical (pepsin, HCl protein)
Small intestine - major site of gas exchange, no mechanical, nutrient absorption into capillaries,
*every capillary turns into a vein but depends which way blood is going*
Vein
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Capillary
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
Artery
Capillary - transport nutrient into big toe cell
Big toe cell
79
What system and organ allows nutrients to be broken down?
→ Digestive system is the system that allows for nutrients to be broken down into down into small pieces ready for absorption and small intestine does this
80
Which system is the most interactive?
→ Circulatory system ensure that the nutrients get to where they need to go
→ Circulatory system interacts with most other system in the body as it allows for the transport of nutrients and gases
81
The cell in your big toe performed cellular respiration, producing waste CO2. Trace movement of a molecule of CO2 from big toe into air
Big toe cell - diffuse out of cell into capillary
Capillary - widens into vein
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery - narrow into capillary
Capillary - CO2 diffusion
Alveoli - CO2 diffusion
Bronchiole
Bronchus
Trachea
Pharynx
Mouth/nasal cavity
82
What is the musculoskeletal system?
→ The musculoskeletal system is made up of all the bones in your body and the muscles that make them move
83
What are the three different types of tissues that the musculoskeletal system is made up of?
bones, ligaments and cartilage
84
What are bones and its function?
→ bone tissues are hard and dense
→ contains bone cells with minerals and collagen
→ canals inside contain nerves and blood vessels
→ provides structure and support, store calcium (weight bearing exercises help build strong bones)
85
What are ligaments and its function?
→ tough, elastic connective tissues that hold bones together at the joints
→ made up mostly of long fibres of collagenW
86
What is cartilage and its function?
→ a dense connective tissue found in the ear, nose, esophagus, the disks between vertebrae and joints
→ made up of special cells in a matrix of collagen fibres
→ it provides a strong, flexible, low-friction support
87
What is muscle tissue and what do the proteins cause?
→ consist of bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins
→ these proteins cause the muscle to contract when signalled by nerve cells
→ when they contract, the muscles get shorter and thicker
88
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
→ skeletal: voluntary, attached to bones by tendons allowing movement of body parts
→ smooth: involuntary (in the intestines)
→ cardiac: in the heart
89
What is skeletal muscle tissue?
They're the muscles that connect to your bones and allow you to perform a wide range of movements and functions. Skeletal muscles are voluntary, meaning you control how and when they work. Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton.
90
What are smooth muscle tissue?
Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs (such as the liver, pancreas, and intestines), except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control.
91
What are cardiac muscles?
The cardiac muscle is responsible for the contractility of the heart and, therefore, the pumping action. The cardiac muscle must contract with enough force and enough blood to supply the metabolic demands of the entire body.
92
How do triceps and biceps work together?
→ Triceps and biceps work together to flex and straighten the elbow. Skeletal muscles commonly work in pairs
→ When elbow flexes, biceps contracts and triceps relax
→ When elbow relaxes, biceps relax and triceps contract
93
What is a tendon?
→ Each end of a skeletal muscle is connected by a tendon to a bone
--> A tendon is a strong, flexible cord of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones, enabling movement. They act as "mechanical bridges," transferring muscle forces to bones and joints.
94
What happens when muscles contract?
→ When muscles contract in response to signals from the nervous system, they exert a force, which moves the bone
95
What is the nervous system consisted of and what is its job?
→ The nervous system consists of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
→ Its job is to sense the environment and coordinate a response
96
What is the central nervous system?
→ The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) is protected by bones and cerebrospinal fluid
97
What is the peripheral nervous system?
→ The peripheral nervous system senses both the internal and external environment and determines a response; all of this to maintain homeostasis within the body (steady state eg. CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 decrease blood pH)
- connects to central nervous system to transmit signals
98
What is a neuron and its job?
→ Neurons send information around your body by conducting electrical signals
→ Nerves are bundles of neurons
→ It is difficult (sometimes impossible) for neurons to regrow after an injury
99
How does the nervous system interact with all the other systems in the body?
→ The nervous system interacts with all other system in the body
→ It tells the respiratory system when to increase the breathing rate
→ It tells the circulatory system when the heart should beat faster
→ It contains a shortcut or reflex that allows your body to react quickly to potentially harmful situations
100
What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?
The main difference between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) lies in their location and function within the body. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, serving as the control center for processing information and coordinating bodily functions. The PNS, on the other hand, includes all other nerves in the body, acting as a communication network between the CNS and the rest of the body
In essence, the CNS is the brain and spinal cord, the control center, while the PNS is the network of nerves that transmit information to and from the CNS to the rest of the body.
The PNS gathers sensory information, and the CNS analyzes it and decides on the appropriate response, which is then executed by the PNS.
