Chapter 3 The Biological Bases of Behaviour

Question 1

Neurons

Answer 1

specialized cells that make up the nervous system

Question 2

cell body (soma)

Answer 2

structures that keep the cell alive (nucleus)

Question 3

dendrites

Answer 3

“branches” from cell body, recieve signals

Question 4

axon

Answer 4

conducts electrical impulses away from soma and towards axon terminals
- axon terminals
sends signals to other cells

Question 5

Glial cells

Answer 5

hold neurons in place
- make and move nutrients
- from the Myeline Sheath
- Remove toxins

Question 6

blood-brain barrier

Answer 6

a bunch of glial cells that form a wall between the blood and neurons because blood kills neurons
- allows nutrients to be taken out of the blood for the neurons

Question 7

2 functions of neurons

Answer 7

1. generate electricity
   
   1. create nerve impulses
   2. goes down the cell never the other way!
2. Release chemicals
   
   1. communicate with other cells

Question 8

Neural Impulses

Answer 8

ctivation occurs in the three steps:

Question 9

cell is at rest with electrical resting potential

Answer 9

. -70mV on average
2. means inside of cell is more negative than outside of the cell
3. this is due to ions.

Question 10

Na+

Answer 10

(positives ion. Lots in outside of cell)

Question 11

. K+

Answer 11

(potassium is also positive and inside the cell, less potassium than sodium, therefore outside is more positive than inside which is more negative. Difference is 70 mV)

Question 12

. resting potential

Answer 12

neither one of channel is open.

Question 13

cell is stimulated and electrical charged (ions) flows across cell membrane

Answer 13

1. reverse charge of resting potential
   2. produces action potential, or neural impulses

Question 14

when the sodium channels open

Answer 14

all the positive ions flood into the inside of the cell and makes the inside of the cell positive. Ex/ -70mV to +40 mV

Question 15

depolarization

Answer 15

when we go more positive. sodium enters (more positive, less negative)

Question 16

Restore distribution of ions, cell at rest again.

Answer 16

potassium opens now, but sodium is closed. potassium stars flooding outside of the cell. Turns inside of the cell negative again.
2. as one part of the axon repolarizes the next one depolarizes.

Question 17

repolarization

Answer 17

potassium leaves (less positive, more negative)

Question 18

hyperpolarization

Answer 18

: extra negative

Question 19

The all-or-none law:

Answer 19

action potentials occur at a uniform and maximal intensity, or they do not occur at all
- stronger signals DO NOT cause stronger action potential
- it just means it will cause action potential
- you can increase number of action potential in a period of time, and it send a signal of more important message

Question 20

Absolute refractory period:

Answer 20

cell cannot fire again
- impossible to have a second action potential
- limits how often nerve impulses can occur
- ensures that impulses only travel in a single direction
- cell has to reset
- always a small gap in which nothing can happen

Question 21

The myelin sheath:

Answer 21

created by glial cells
- a fatty, whitish insulation layer derived from glial cells during development
- i.e., support (help protect from damage) and surround neurons
- insulated neurons (quick signals)
- in-between each myelin sheath is the nodes of ranvier
- only around the axon
- not all neurons myelinated

Question 22

Node of Ranvier

Answer 22

places here the myelin is either extremally thin or absent
- allows conduction to “skip ahead”
- foster signals

Question 23

Synapses

Answer 23

where axon terminals meet dendrites
- neurons do not make physical contact
- communicate across gaps called synaptic cleft

Question 24

Synaptic gap

Answer 24

functional (not physical) connections between neurons and their target (contracts muscles). They are not toucing, but very close to its other

Question 25

Neurotransmitters

Answer 25

chemcial substance shat carry messages across the synapse toeither excite otehr nerons, or inhibit their firing - five stages fo chemcial communcation:

Question 26

- five stages fo chemcial communcation:

Answer 26

- five stages fo chemcial communcation: - synthesis - make them oin the neuron - stoarge - held in synaptic vessels - release - into synaptic space - binding - attach to receptor sites - deactivation - stop the neurotransmitter signal excitation vs inhibition

Question 27

- inhibitory neurotransmitter:

Answer 27

decreases resting postential of post-synaptic neuron; hypopoloarization - chill eurons out hypopoloarizes neruon's membrane -> DECREASES likelihood of action potential

Question 28

- exitary neurotrasnmitter:

Answer 28

increases resting potentail of post-synaptic neuron; may even fire - it rev neurons up depolarizes neruon's membrane -> INCREASES likelihood of action potential

Question 29

Specific neurotransmitters: glutamate (glutamic acid)

Answer 29

exitaory - expressed in whoel brain - control fo behaviours - especially learning and memor

Question 30

- GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Answer 30

inhibitory - expressed in whole brain - control of behaviours - especailly anxietyt and motor control - huntington's deisease

Question 31

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 31

exitaroy - function at synapses invovled in muscle movement and memory - memory in loss in Alzhemier's disesase

Question 32

Norepinephrine

Answer 32

exitaory and inhibitoary - functions at various sites - invovled in learning, memory, wakefyllnes, eating - depression and panic disorders

Question 33

Seretonin

Answer 33

- Inhibitory (mostly) - functions at various sites - mood, eating, sleep, arousal - I.e., depression, sleeping, and eating disorders

Question 34

Dopamine

Answer 34

excitaroy and inhibitory - functions at various sites - voluntary movement, learning, motivatiion, pleasreu - depression, parkinson's deisaese, schizophrenia -

Question 35

Endorphin

Answer 35

inhibitory - isnenstive to pain (oversupply) - hypersenstiivitty to pain, immune proboems (undersupply)

Question 36

Types of neruons:

Answer 36

sesnory, mototr and interneurons

Question 37

1. sensory neruons

Answer 37

1. carry inpit messages fom the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain

Question 38

2. Motor neruons

Answer 38

1. transmist output impulses fro the brain and the spinal cord to mnuscles and organs

Question 39

3. internerouns

Answer 39

1. perform connective or associative functions within the nervous system 2. by far most cominternerounsmon type

Question 40

forebrain (cerebrum)

Answer 40

highly developed, numerous functions

Question 41

frontal lobe

Answer 41

main fxn: personality

Question 42

parietal lobe

Answer 42

sensations (feelings, sensory sensations)

Question 43

occipital lobe

Answer 43

vision

Question 44

temporal lobe

Answer 44

hearing

Question 45

cerebral cortex

Answer 45

outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres 6. involved in thinking and mental processes

Question 46

basal ganglia

Answer 46

collections of neurons crucial to motor function

Question 47

hippocampus (hippo goes to school to learn)

Answer 47

memory

Question 48

amygdala

Answer 48

amygdala

Question 49

nucleus accumbens

Answer 49

reward centre

Question 50

thalamus

Answer 50

relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons that project to the appropriate region in the cortex

Question 51

hypothalamus

Answer 51

regulates basic biological drives

Question 52

reticular formation

Answer 52

involved in regulation of consciousness 1. conscious awareness and control 2. regulates sleep, wakefulness, and attention 3. extends into hindbrain and lower forebrain

Question 53

superior colliculi

Answer 53

involved in vision (especially visual reflexes) 2. ex/ dilating pupils or focusing far vs near 3. *eyes are above my ears, so vision is superior to hearing

Question 54

inferior colliculi (in exams)

Answer 54

involved in hearing

Question 55

midbrain

Answer 55

reflex actions and voluntary movements 5. right in the middle, cannot see unless you cut the brain

Question 56

hindbrain: brainstem

Answer 56

vital functions and coordinating movements

Question 57

medulla

Answer 57

1. controls heart activity and largely controls breathing, swallowing, and digestion 2. all sensory and motor nerve tracts ascend from the spinal cord and descent from the brain 3. damaging means death or life support 4. keeps us alive

Question 58

pons

Answer 58

1. relay station for signals between higher levels of the nervous system and lower levels 2. regulates sleep and dreaming 3. controls muscles and glands in face and neck 4. controls vital functions like respiration 3. cerebellum

Question 59

cerebellum

Answer 59

1. controls bodily coordination, balance, and muscle tone 2. involved in procedural memory 1. motor skills

Question 60

nerve =

Answer 60

nerve =

Question 61

tract =

Answer 61

central

Question 62

motor cortex

Answer 62

(frontal lobe) 1. controls the muscles involved in voluntary body movements

Question 63

somatic sensory cortex

Answer 63

(right next to motor cortex, also frontal lobe) . receives input: sensations of heat, touch, cold, and our senses of balance and body 2. from skin to internal organs

Question 64

primary auditory cortex

Answer 64

1. temporal lobe of both hemispheres 2. receives auditory sensations first

Question 65

. primary visual cortex

Answer 65

(occipital lobe. extreme back

Question 66

Wernicke's area

Answer 66

(temporal lobe, right next to occipital lobe) 1. involved in speech comprehension 2. involved in even reading

Question 67

Association cortex;

Answer 67

found within all lobes of cerebral cortex - invovled in high-level functions - e.g., percetion, thought, langauge, etc - appear 'silent' because electrical stimulation does not give rise to sensory or motor responses

Question 68

Hemispheric Lateralization: right hemisohere:

Answer 68

- feelings, intution, humour - aesthetic, colour - relationships, rhtym, phsycal sesne,s motor skills - note: connects to the left side of the body

Question 69

Left hemisphere:

Answer 69

- anayltical thinknig, rules, logic - structure, mathmeatics, planning - speech, langyage, time - note: connects to the right side of the body

Question 70

visual lateralization

Answer 70

- left visual field - processed in right hemispoehre of brian - right visual fieled - proceiisses in left hemisphere of brain

Question 71

corpus callostomy

Answer 71

when the corpus callosum is severed - resuls in "split-brain" patreints hemispheres often communciate across corpus callosum trasnfer of uinformaiton from one hemisohere to the other

Question 72

Methods of study:

Answer 72

postmortem studies - stiyding live non-human animals - studying live humans - surgical techniques - brain imaging

Question 73

CT - computer tomography

Answer 73

builds a pciture of the brain based on the diffrential abosrption of x-rays - reveals gross features of the brain

Question 74

PET - psotiron emission tomography

Answer 74

PET - psotiron emission tomography

Question 75

Strucutral MRI - magnetci ersonance imaging

Answer 75

bulds a pcture of the brain using strong magentic field athat interac with tissues - reveals gross features and strcurre of the rbrain - used in conjucntion with fMRI to measrue strucutral integrity

Question 76

fMRI - funcitinal magnetic resonacne imaging

Answer 76

detects changes in blood oxygenation and flow - tied to neural activity - high acitivyt = high oxygen use and high blood flow

Question 77

DTI - functinal magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 77

builds a pcture of water ovement in the brain usign an MRI scanner - observe bloood flow along specific neural tracts - high spatial resolution and directinality

Question 78

NIRS - Near infared spectorscopy

Answer 78

Measrues cahnges in blood oxygenation - shines near IR light through the skull - detects attenuation of reemrging light - indirect measrue of brain activity

Question 79

EEG - elctroencephalography

Answer 79

measrues electrical actiivty via electrodes - can be inter- or intra-cranial - ectrodes either on or in the skull - very good time resolution (milliseconds)

Question 80

TMS - transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 80

induces electrical acitivty via magnetic field - can temporarily disrrupt (or activate) cortical nerual tissue - task = letter dection - worse performance when TMS pulse to visual cortect just after stimulus presentation

Question 81

radical behaviorism

Answer 81

akcowedlge genetics exist, normal behaviorsim

Question 82

third varaible problem:

Answer 82

is ther arealtion between two vairables x and y. is it correlated? removing the infleunce of z, the third vairbale to accurately see the realtionship between x and y

Question 83

infranteial statystics:

Answer 83

look at our stats and decide is it good sceince, gives us info that makes it easy to compare between studies

Question 84

sympathetic anaylsys:

Answer 84

fight or flight. ex/ youre sitting in class and ur pupils dialte and heart statrts to race what nervous system is being activated?