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Psych 1021 > Chapter 3- The Biology of Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 3- The Biology of Behaviour Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Two main parts of nervous system

A

1) Central nervous system

2) Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • all other nerves in body

- composed of Somatic and autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

voluntary movement, sensory information

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5
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

-involuntary systems of body

composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

-increases heart rate, dilates pupils, stops digestion

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7
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest
relaxation
relaxes systems aroused by sympathetic NS

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8
Q

Cells of the NS

A

1) Glial cells

2) neurons

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9
Q

Glial cells

A
  • the glue, support
  • holds the CNS and PNS together
  • provides structural support, communication, and removes debris
  • 90% of cells in brain are glial
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10
Q

Neurons

A

cells that transmit and process information in the NS

-receive, intergrate and generate messages

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11
Q

Soma

A

cell body
-soma in post synaptic neuron integrates the graded potentials that the post synaptic neutron receives from its many synapses

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12
Q

Dendrites

A

finger like projections that receive messages from other neurons

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13
Q

axon

A

transmits electrical impulses toward receiving neuron

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14
Q

myelin sheath

A 
insulates the axon
-made up of two types of glial cells:
-oligodendrocytes (CNS)
-Schwann cells (PNS)
white in colour
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15
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • allow impulse to travel quickly down the axon

- skips from node to node

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16
Q

White matter

A

parts of NS that contain myelinated axons

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17
Q

Grey matter

A

made up of cell bodies, dendrites and small unmyelinated neurons

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18
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • bodys immune system destroys myelin
  • slows down transmission of nerve signals
  • muscle weakness, dizziness, problems with vision
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19
Q

Synapse

A

junction between axon and adjacent neuron

-site of communication between a neuron and its target

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20
Q

Terminal

A

end of synapse that contains neurotransmitters

-when an electrical impulse reaches terminal, it triggers release of NT’s into the synaptic cleft

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21
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

before synaptic cleft

releases NT’s

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22
Q

Post synaptic neuron

A

after synaptic cleft

  • recieves the message
  • contains receptors that NT’s bind to
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23
Q

Types of Neurons

A

1) Sensory neurons
2) Motor neurons
3) Interneurons

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24
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

receive sensory info via sense organs

-detects changes in internal/external environment-> sends it to CNS

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25
Motor Neurons
takes commands from brain and carries them to the muscles and glands of the body -hormone release from endocrine glands
26
Interneurons
connect motor and sensory neurons - recieve info from sensory neurons, transmit it to motor neurons for action - most common in the brain
27
What happens when you touch something sharp
touch sharp thing -> sensory neurons take that info and send it to spinal cord, interneurons communicate to motor neurons in arm so you can move
28
Neurons communicate via electrial signal carried by
ions - concentration gradient - different ion concentrations across membrane - pumps to keep gradient
29
Two important jobs of neurons
1) to transmit a message to its target neutron across synapse 2) to transmit message along neuron itself
30
Graded Potentials
trigger action potentials
31
Action Potential
stimulates NT release
32
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers
33
outside of cell concentration
Na+ and Cl- and Ca2+
34
inside cell concentration
K+ and negatively charges molecules
35
There is a ______ and ______ gradient
concentration and electrical
36
Charge inside the cell at resting state
negative
37
potential
the charge difference between inside and outside
38
resting potential
-70 mV
39
Excitatory receptors
allow passage of ions that makes inside of neutron more positive -leads to the depolarization ex- glutamate- passage of Na+ and Ca2+
40
Depolarization
- when Na rushes in | - change in membrane potential, becomes more positive
41
Inhibitory receptors
allow the passage of ions that make the inside of neuron more negative - leads to hyper polarization - ex- GABA- passage of Cl-
42
hyperpolarization
inside of cell becomes more negative | -decreases the likelihood of action potential
43
Touching hot pan
hot cookies, pan is hot, touch it, brain sends inhibitory NT'S to counteract excitatory NT's so that you are able to make it to the counter to drop the pan
44
threshold
- membrane potential of -55mV necessary to generate an action potential - excitatory brings it closer to threshold - inhibitory brings it further from threshold
45
Describe communication with Neurons
1- resting potential -70mv 2-recieve a stimuli, graded potentials cause depolarization, sodium channels open and Na rushes into the cell -> action potential 3) Inside of membrane is positive. sodium channels close, potassium leaks out and restores the negative charge inside the cell, resulting in the repolarization 4- neutron returns to resting potential -70mv
46
Once threshold is crossed
a signal is sent... all or non
47
Enzymatic degradation
breakdown of NT's by enzymes in synapse
48
Pre-synaptic reuptake
returns excess NT back to neuron
49
Acetycholine
- slows ANS activity - eating, drinking, neuromuscular junction - involved in learning, memory, sleeping and dreaming
50
Dopamine
- arousal and positive mood - voluntary muscle control - oversupply is schizophrenia
51
Epinephrine
- increases ANS activity | - fight or flight
52
Norepinephrine
- affects CNS activity | - increases alertness and attention
53
Serotonin
- mood - sleeping - eating - temperature
54
GABA
- major inhibitory NT - slows CNS - anxiety and intoxication
55
Glutamate
- major excitatory | - learning and memory
56
Excitatory NTS
increase the likelihood of an action potential
57
Inhibitory NTS
decrease the likelihood of an action potential
58
compared to other primates, humans have an increased
forebrain
59
Three main brain structures, from oldest to newest
1) hindbrain 2) mid brain 3) forebrain
60
Hindbrain
the oldest brain region | directly connected to spinal cord
61
Three main parts of the hind brain
Medulla Pons Cerebellum
62
Medulla
- regulates breathing and heart rate | - blood pressure and reflexes
63
Pons
means bridge - connects lower brain and higher brain - important role in REM sleep
64
Cerebellum
- means "little brain" - has most neurons - cognitive control - balance and body movement, fine motor skills - active when learning NEW MOTOR SKILLS
65
Midbrain
smallest - controls eye muscles - processes visual and auditory information - problems results in parkinsons (reduced dopamine)

Psych 1021 (5 decks)

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