Chapter 3 The Chemical Building Blocks Of Life

Question 1

List the 7 functional groups

Answer 1

Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate 
Methyl

Question 2

Hydroxyl is found in

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, proteins, nuclei can acids, lipids

Question 3

Carbonyl found in

Answer 3

Carbohydrates, nucleic acid

Question 4

Carbonyl found in

Answer 4

Proteins, lipids

Question 5

Amino found in

Answer 5

Proteins, nucleic acids

Question 6

Sulfhydryl found in

Answer 6

Proteins

Question 7

Phosphate found in

Answer 7

Nucleic acids

Question 8

Methyl found in

Answer 8

Proteins

Question 9

Isomers

Answer 9

These are molecules that have the same molecular or empirical formula but can exist in different forms called isomers

Question 10

Name the macromolecules

Answer 10

Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
Proteins
Fats - lipids

Question 11

What is a macromolecule

Answer 11

Macromolecules are polymers, which is a long molecule that is built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits called monomers

Question 12

What is DEHYDRATION

Answer 12

The formation of large molecules by the REMOVAL of water.

- monomers are joined to form polymers

Question 13

HYDROLYSIS

Answer 13

The breakdown of large molecules by the ADDITION of water

- polymers are broken down to monomers

Question 14

Carbohydrates have molecules with what ratio

Answer 14

1:2:1

Question 15

Monomers of carbohydrate is

Answer 15

Saccharide

Question 16

Monosaccharides are

Answer 16

Simple sugars. It’s the simplest carbohydrate

Question 17

Disaccharides

Answer 17

2 monosaccharide linked together by dehydration synthesis

Question 18

Polysaccharide

Answer 18

Longer polymers made up of monosaccharides that have been joined through dehydration synthesis

Question 19

Examples of disaccharides include

Answer 19

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

Question 20

Examples of polysaccharides

Answer 20

Starch
Cellulose
Chitin - structural material found in Arthropods and many fungi

Question 21

Disaccharides are used for

Answer 21

Transport
Energy storage
- they are reservoirs of glucose

Question 22

Maltose is comprised of

Answer 22

Glucose + glucose

Question 23

Sucrose is composed of

Answer 23

Glucose + fructose (table sugar)

Question 24

Lactose is composed of

Answer 24

Glucose + galactose

Question 25

Polysaccharides are used for

Answer 25

Energy storage | Structural support

Question 26

What do animals use to store sugar and what do plants use

Answer 26

Animals use glycogen | Plants use starch

Question 27

What do plants and animals use for structural support

Answer 27

Plants - cellulose | Animals - chitin

Question 28

Functions of nucleic acids

Answer 28

For storage, Transmission and use of genetic information

Question 29

3 types of nucleic acids

Answer 29

DNA RNA ATP

Question 30

Nucleic acids are polymers of what? And what are the opponents of this

Answer 30

Polymers of nucleotides Nucleotides: sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base

Question 31

Nitrogenous bases include

Answer 31

Purines: adenine and guanine (think small name big structure) Pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine, uracil (think big name, small structure)

Question 32

What is the backbone of s nucleic acid

Answer 32

Phosphate sugar

Question 33

DNA is held together by what type of bond

Answer 33

Hydrogen bond. Although weak, DNA is strong because there are a lot of them

Question 34

What type of bond holds the backbone of DNA together.

Answer 34

Phosphodiester bond This is the sugar phosphate backbone

Question 35

Nucleic acids consists of

Answer 35

A five carbon sugar A phosphate PO4 group An organic nitrogenous base

Question 36

Which bond is stronger A-T C-G

Answer 36

C-G

Question 37

What makes RNA different from DNA

Answer 37

- contains ribose instead of deoxyribose - contains uracil instead of thymine - single polynucleotide strand - DNA double stranded - reads the genetic information in DNA - directs the synthesis of proteins

Question 38

Protein function include

Answer 38

``` Enzyme catalyst Defense Transport Support Motion Regulation Storage ```

Question 39

Proteins are polymers of__________ and there are ___ different types

Answer 39

Amino acids | 20

Question 40

The covalent bond you will find between amino acids is called a

Answer 40

Peptide bond

Question 41

How many essential amino acids are there

Answer 41

8 we must get these from our diets since we cannot synthesize them

Question 42

An amino acid structure that forms a protein consists of

Answer 42

A central carbon atom surrounded by - amino group - carbonyl group - single hydrogen - variable R group

Question 43

The structures of protein include

Answer 43

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

Question 44

What helps to fold proteins and resold improperly folded proteins

Answer 44

Chaperone proteins

Question 45

What dictates the chemical properties of the amino acid

Answer 45

R group

Question 46

What may cause protein to denature

Answer 46

- pH - temperature - salt concentration

Question 47

Lipids may be soluble in water T/F

Answer 47

F | Lipids are insoluble in water and have a high proportion of C-H bonds which causes the molecule to be hydrophobic

Question 48

Two main categories of lipids are

Answer 48

- fats (triglycerides) | - phospholipids

Question 49

Composition of triglycerides are

Answer 49

1 glycerol | 3 fatty acids

Question 50

What are fatty acids

Answer 50

Long hydrocarbon chains that may be - saturated - unsaturated - polyunsaturated

Question 51

Saturated fatty acids have higher or lower melting points

Answer 51

They have higher melting points. Saturated fatty acids can pack together tightly, making them solid at room temperature and more difficult to melt

Question 52

Triglycerides store twice as much energy as carbohydrates T/F

Answer 52

T

Question 53

Phospholipids are composed of

Answer 53

Glycerol Fatty acids A phosphate group

Question 54

What are stereoisomers

Answer 54

They are identical in terms of which atoms are bonded to each other, but they differ in spatial arrangement of their atoms

Question 55

Carbon can form up to how many covalent bonds

Answer 55

4