Chapter 3- The Protists

Question 1

The process by which unrelated organisms develop similar traits or adaptations due to similar environmental pressures.

Answer 1

Convergent evolution

Question 2

Multicellular animals that develop from a blastula; includes all higher animals.

Answer 2

Metazoan

Question 3

The cell membrane surrounding a cell, regulating the entry and exit of substances.

Answer 3

Plasmalemma

Question 4

The gel-like outer layer of the cytoplasm in some protozoans, often involved in locomotion.

Answer 4

Ectoplasm

Question 5

The fluid inner part of the cytoplasm, found in amoeboid organisms.

Answer 5

Endoplasm

Question 6

Organelles in certain protozoans that expel excess water from the cytoplasm.

Answer 6

Contractile vacuoles

Question 7

A network of tubules and vesicles involved in the formation of the contractile vacuole.

Answer 7

Spongiome

Question 8

The difference in solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane, driving the movement of water.

Answer 8

Osmotic gradient

Question 9

The process of controlling the internal fluid volume of a cell.

Answer 9

Volume regulation

Question 10

The maintenance of proper solute concentrations within a cell.

Answer 10

Osmotic regulation

Question 11

Organelles in some protozoans that can discharge filaments for defense or attachment.

Answer 11

Trichocysts

Question 12

Specialized organelles that inject toxins into prey.

Answer 12

Toxicysts

Question 13

Organelles in protozoans capable of expelling substances, such as trichocysts and toxicysts.

Answer 13

Extrusomes

Question 14

Temporary extensions of a cell’s cytoplasm used for locomotion and feeding in amoeboid organisms.

Answer 14

Pseudopodia

Question 15

Structure at the base of a cilium or flagellum that anchors it and organizes its microtubules.

Answer 15

Basal body (kinetosome)

Question 16

Cylindrical structures made of tubulin that provide structure and support to cells, involved in cell movement.

Answer 16

Microtubules

Question 17

A protein that is the building block of microtubules.

Answer 17

Tubulin

Question 18

Protein structures that produce movement in cilia and flagella by sliding adjacent microtubules against each other.

Answer 18

Dynein arms

Question 19

A motor protein that drives the movement of dynein arms in cilia and flagella.

Answer 19

Dynein

Question 20

A structure surrounding the two central microtubules in cilia and flagella.

Answer 20

Central sheath

Question 21

The central shaft of cilia and flagella, composed of microtubule arrangements.

Answer 21

Axoneme

Question 22

The phase of ciliary movement when cilia push against the fluid, generating forward thrust.

Answer 22

Power stroke

Question 23

The phase of ciliary movement when cilia return to a resting position, reducing resistance.

Answer 23

Recovery stroke

Question 24

A category that encompasses both cilia and flagella due to their similar structure.

Answer 24

Undulipodia

Question 25

Hair-like projections found on some flagella that increase the effective surface area.

Answer 25

Mastigonemes

Question 26

The clear, rounded tip of a lobopodium in amoeboid cells.

Answer 26

Hyaline cap

Question 27

Slender, thread-like pseudopodia used for sensing the environment and capturing food.

Answer 27

Filopodia

Question 28

The movement of cytoplasm within a cell, helping distribute nutrients and removing waste.

Answer 28

Cytoplasmic streaming

Question 29

A solid or semi-solid state of the cytoplasm, often involved in maintaining structure.

Answer 29

Gel

Question 30

A liquid state of the cytoplasm, allowing for more fluid movement within the cell.

Answer 30

Sol

Question 31

A type of pseudopodia that forms a network for capturing food.

Answer 31

Reticulopodia

Question 32

Thin, radiating pseudopodia containing microtubules, functioning primarily in capturing prey.

Answer 32

Axopodia

Question 33

A method of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into two or more parts.

Answer 33

Fission

Question 34

A common form of asexual reproduction where a single organism divides into two identical organisms.

Answer 34

Binary fission

Question 35

A form of reproduction resulting in multiple offspring from one organism.

Answer 35

Multiple fission

Question 36

A method of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows out of the parent organism.

Answer 36

Budding

Question 37

A form of asexual reproduction where an organism divides without mitosis and shares its nuclei.

Answer 37

Plasmotomy

Question 38

A dormant form of a protozoan capable of withstanding adverse conditions.

Answer 38

Cyst

Question 39

The process by which a cyst opens to release the active form of the organism.

Answer 39

Excystment

Question 40

A membrane-bound structure in protozoans where ingested food is digested.

Answer 40

Food vacuole

Question 41

A food vacuole formed by the engulfing of food particles.

Answer 41

Phagosome

Question 42

Referring to the coordinated movement of cilia in a wave-like pattern.

Answer 42

Metachronal

Question 43

Pertaining to organisms that live in groups, often composed of genetically identical individuals.

Answer 43

Colonial

Question 44

Membrane-bound sacs beneath the cell membrane in certain protists.

Answer 44

Alveoli

Question 45

The internal structure underlying cilia, organizing their movement.

Answer 45

Infraciliature

Question 46

Fibers connecting cilia to their basal bodies.

Answer 46

Kinetodesmos

Question 47

Referring to the collection of fibers that organize cilia.

Answer 47

Kinetodesmata

Question 48

A structure made of cilia that functions in locomotion.

Answer 48

Undulating membrane

Question 49

A complex arrangement of cilia functioning together as a single organ.

Answer 49

Membranelle

Question 50

A type of ciliary organelle that tapers to a point.

Answer 50

Cirrus

Question 51

A definitive mouth opening in some protozoans.

Answer 51

Cytostome

Question 52

The outer covering of some protozoans, providing structure and protection.

Answer 52

Pellicle

Question 53

Referring to two distinct forms or types of cells in an organism.

Answer 53

Dimorphic

Question 54

Describing cells that contain two or more genetically different nuclei.

Answer 54

Heterokaryotic

Question 55

Describing cells that contain one kind of nucleus.

Answer 55

Monomorphic

Question 56

Pertaining to cells that contain nuclei that are genetically identical.

Answer 56

Homokaryotic

Question 57

The larger, polyploid nuclei in ciliates responsible for regulating cell metabolism.

Answer 57

Macronuclei

Question 58

The smaller nuclei in ciliates involved in reproduction.

Answer 58

Micronuclei

Question 59

A form of sexual reproduction involving a temporary union of two individuals.

Answer 59

Conjugation

Question 60

The haploid nuclei formed during meiosis in ciliates.

Answer 60

Pronuclei

Question 61

A nucleus formed by the fusion of two pronuclei.

Answer 61

Synkaryon

Question 62

Distinct forms within a species that recognize each other for sexual reproduction.

Answer 62

Mating types

Question 63

Groups of mating types within a species that can mate with each other.

Answer 63

Syngens

Question 64

Offspring produced from a parent organism.

Answer 64

Daughters

Question 65

A form of self-fertilization in ciliates.

Answer 65

Autogamy

Question 66

A protective outer shell or casing in some organisms.

Answer 66

Lorica

Question 67

Referring to organisms that ingest food particles, typically solid.

Answer 67

Holozoic

Question 68

Referring to organisms that actively prey on others.

Answer 68

Raptorial

Question 69

A coiled, contractile structure found in some ciliates.

Answer 69

Spasmoneme

Question 70

A smaller partner in a conjugation event in ciliates.

Answer 70

Microconjugant

Question 71

Specialized structures in some ciliates that help capture prey.

Answer 71

Haptocysts

Question 72

Membrane-bound structures found beneath the cell membrane in certain protists.

Answer 72

Alveolar sacs

Question 73

The ability of an organism to produce light through biochemical reactions.

Answer 73

Bioluminescence

Question 74

Symbiotic dinoflagellates that live in the tissues of corals and other marine invertebrates.

Answer 74

Zooxanthellae

Question 75

The host organism in which a parasite reaches maturity and reproduces.

Answer 75

Definitive host

Question 76

Organisms that host the parasite during its development before moving to the definitive host.

Answer 76

Intermediate hosts

Question 77

Organisms that transmit parasites or pathogens from one host to another.

Answer 77

Vectors

Question 78

The sexual form of a parasite, leading to gamete formation.

Answer 78

Gametocytes

Question 79

Early developmental stages of certain parasites within a mosquito.

Answer 79

Ookinetes

Question 80

The cyst form of the parasite, often resistant to environmental conditions.

Answer 80

Oocysts

Question 81

The infective stage of certain parasites, injected into hosts by vectors.

Answer 81

Sporozoites

Question 82

A stage in the life cycle of some parasites where the organism undergoes asexual reproduction.

Answer 82

Schizont

Question 83

The products of division of a schizont, which invade host cells.

Answer 83

Merozoites

Question 84

A vestigial plastid found in apicomplexan parasites, essential for their survival.

Answer 84

Apicoplast

Question 85

Parasites that live on other parasites.

Answer 85

Hyperparasites

Question 86

The process by which a cell engulfs solid particles or microorganisms.

Answer 86

Phagocytosis

Question 87

The structure formed by the extension of pseudopodia during food capture.

Answer 87

Food cup:

Question 88

The process of engulfing liquid material by a cell.

Answer 88

Pinocytosis

Question 89

A large, resistant structure formed by some protozoans for survival.

Answer 89

Macrocyst

Question 90

A mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei, a form of some slime molds.

Answer 90

Plasmodium

Question 91

A type of plasmodium that is made up of many individual cells. 92. Sporangia: Structures in which spores are produced.

Answer 91

Pseudoplasmodium

Question 92

Structures in which spores are produced.

Answer 92

Sporangia

Question 93

Thin, long pseudopodia that extend from certain protozoans and are often involved in capturing prey.

Answer 93

Axopodia

Question 94

The inner region of a radiolarian or acantharian.

Answer 94

Intracapsular zone

Question 95

The outer region of a radiolarian or acantharian where digestion occurs.

Answer 95

Extracapsular zone

Question 96

Tiny, finger-like projections that increase the surface area of cells.

Answer 96

Microvilli

Question 97

Organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Answer 97

Autotrophic

Question 98

A light-sensitive organelle in some flagellated organisms.

Answer 98

Stigma