Chapter 3: The Respiratory System (page 18)

Question 1

What are the four processes that comprise respiration?

Answer 1

Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Transport of respiratory gases
Internal respiration

Question 2

The respiratory system serves as an air distributor and gas exchanger for the body. It ensures that ________ is
supplied and __________ is removed from the body.

Answer 2

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Question 3

____________ - At systemic capillaries, gas exchange must be made between the blood and tissue cells.

Answer 3

Internal Respiration

Question 4

____________ - This is the gas exchange (O2 and CO2) between the blood and the air sacs in the lungs.

Answer 4

External Respiration

Question 7

_______________ - Air movement in and out of the lungs so that gases in the air sacs of the lungs are constantly changed and refreshed.

Answer 7

Pulmonary Ventilation

Question 8

____________ - The nose is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system. The nasal cavity lies in and posterior to the external nose.

Answer 8

Nose and Nasal Cavity

Question 8

There are 6 parts to the external nose. Identify them.

Answer 8

Root

Bridge and dorsum nasi

Apex

Philtrum

**External nares **

**Ala of nose **

Question 9

This is the vertical groove just inferior to the apex of the nose.

Answer 9

Philtrum

Question 9

The ______ of the nose is in the area between the eyebrows.

Answer 9

Root

Question 10

The skeletal framework of the external nose consists of _____ and ______ bones superiorly forming its bridge. The ______ bones laterally and flexible plates of ______________ inferiorly.

Answer 10

Nasal and Frontal (Superiorly)

Maxillary (Laterally)

Hyaline Cartilage (Inferiorly)

Question 11

What are the structures consisting of the nasal cavity?

Answer 11

• *a)** Nasal septum
• *b) ** Internal nares
• *c)** Roof
• *d)** Floor (Palate)
• *e)** Vestibule
• *f)** Superior, middle and inferior conchae

Question 12

The rest of the nasal cavity is lined with ___________ and ___________. The roof of the nasal cavity contains ______________.

Answer 12

Olfactory Mucosa and Respiratory Mucosa

Olfactory Receptors

Question 13

This divides the nasal cavity. It is formed anteriorly by hyaline cartilage and posteriorly by the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.

Answer 13

Nasal Septum

Question 14

_________ - The nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with the nasal portion of the pharynx through this structure.

Answer 14

Internal Nares

Also known as Posterior Nares

Question 15

The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by the _______ and ________ bones of skull.

Answer 15

Ethmoid and Sphenoid

Question 16

These structures increase the surface area of nasal cavity, and allow more dust, particles, etc. to become trapped so it does not enter the lungs.

Answer 16

Superior, middle and inferior conchae

Question 17

Anteriorly, the palate is supported by the _______ and _________, and is called the hard palate. Posteriorly, the palate is composed of muscle called the ___________.

Answer 17

Maxillary processes and Palatine bones

Soft palate

Question 18

What are the four paranasal sinuses present around the nasal cavity?

Answer 18

• *a) ** Frontal paranasal
• *b) ** Maxillary paranasal
• *c)** Sphenoidal paranasal
• *d)** Ethmoidal paranasal

Question 19

Identify the function of the nose and paranasal sinuses

Answer 19

Provides an airway for respiration.
The nose and sinuses produce mucus which helps to filter incoming air.
Superficial blood vessels in the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity help to warm and moisten incoming air.
Olfactory receptors in nose sense smell.
The nose and paranasal sinuses serve as resonant chambers for the production of speech and the sinuses lighten the skull.

Question 20

__________ - The funnel-shaped tube that connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus and is a common passageway for food and air

Answer 20

Pharynx

Question 21

What are the are three subdivisions of the pharynx?

Answer 21

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Question 22

The lingual tonsils are located over the ______________.

Answer 22

Base of the tongue

Question 23

The pharynx is also called ______ and is approximately ___ cm long from the base of the skull to the ___ cervical vertebra.

Answer 23

The Throat

13

6th

Question 24

Nasopharynx is located _______ to the nasal cavity, _______ to the sphenoid bone and _______ to the level of the soft palate.

Answer 24

Posterior

Inferior

Superior

Question 25

A pair of ___________ lead from the middle ear and opens into the nasopharynx. They drain the middle ear and allow for equalization of air pressure between the middle and exterior ear.

Answer 25

**Eustachian (Auditory) Tubes**

Question 26

At the ridge of the pharyngeal mucosa there is an area called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 26

**Tubal Tonsil** It helps protect the middle ear from infection.

Question 27

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lies posterior to the oral cavity and extends inferiorly from the soft palate to the epiglottis and has both respiratory and digestive function.

Answer 27

**Oropharynx**

Question 28

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lies posterior to the epiglottis and extends to the larynx and has both respiratory and digestive functions.

Answer 28

**Laryngopharynx**

Question 29

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ help to expose inhaled antigens to the immune system.

Answer 29

**Tonsils**

Question 30

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is also called the voice box and is about 5 cm long. It extends from the level of the ______ to the _____ cervical vertebra.

Answer 30

**Larynx** **fourth** **sixth**

Question 31

Superiorly, the larynx attaches to the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and opens into the laryngopharynx. Inferiorly, it opens into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 31

**Hyoid bone** **Trachea**

Question 32

What is the largest of the cartilages which make up the larynx?

Answer 32

**Thyroid cartilage**

Question 33

The laryngeal cartilages are made up of _________ except for the epiglottis, which is made up of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 33

**Hyaline** **Elastin**

Question 34

The glottis is the space between the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 34

**Vocal cords**

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are two fibrous bands that stretch across the interior larynx.

Answer 35

**Vocal cords**

Question 36

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 36

The epiglottis helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract.

Question 37

True vocal cords are formed by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Superior to these, there are ___________ or false vocal cords (which do not play any part in sound production).

Answer 37

**Vocal ligaments** **Vestibular folds**

Question 38

Speech involves intermittent release of expired air and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the glottis. The glottis is ______ when we produce deep sounds and is ______ for high-pitched sounds.

Answer 38

**Opening and Closing** **Wide** **Narrow**

Question 39

As the length and tension of the vocal folds change, the pitch of the sound is altered. The tenser the vocal folds, the \__(speed)_\_ they vibrate and the _______ the pitch.

Answer 39

**Faster** **Higher**

Question 40

Why do the voices of the boys become deeper at puberty?

Answer 40

Because **vocal folds** become both **longer and thicker** causing them to vibrate more slowly

Question 41

Sound not only depends on vocal folds but also the co-ordinated activity with the _________ to amplify/enhance sound.

Answer 41

**Pharynx**

Question 42

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a flexible tube that divides into two primary bronchi. It is between ______ cm long and ____ cm wide.

Answer 42

**Trachea** **10 to 12** **2.5** The trachea is also called the windpipe.

Question 43

The walls of the trachea contain __________ that are incomplete posteriorly. It also has _______ lining its passageway.

Answer 43

**C-shaped cartilage** **Cilia**

Question 44

The posterior part of the C-shaped rings are connected by smooth muscle fibres of the trachealis and soft connective tissue. What is the purpose of this structure?

Answer 44

This structure allows the **esophagus to expand** anteriorly when **swallowing** food.

Question 45

This action compresses the lungs and exerts pressure on any object lodged in the trachea, hopefully expelling it.

Answer 45

**Heimlich Maneuver** (Abdominal Thrust)

Question 46

This marks the point where the trachea ends by splitting into two branches. The mucosa of this area is very sensitive and when a foreign object makes contact with it, violent coughing occurs.

Answer 46

**Carina**

Question 47

The mucosa (inner layer) contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ______ that lines the trachea which continually pushes mucus upward towards the ______ and helps to clean, warm and moisten the incoming air.

Answer 47

**Goblet cells** **Cilia** **Pharynx**

Question 48

What structure prevents the trachea from collapsing?

Answer 48

**C-shaped hyaline cartilages**

Question 49

What layer of the tracheal wall produces sheets of mucous within the trachea?

Answer 49

**The submucosa (middle) layer**

Question 50

The right and left primary bronchi are formed by the division of the trachea approximately at the level of \_\_\_\_.

Answer 50

**T5** (5th thoracic vertebra)

Question 51

The __________ is wider, shorter and more vertical than the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; therefore, __________ is a more common site for an inhaled object to become lodged.

Answer 51

**Right primary bronchus ** **Left primary bronchus** **Right primary bronchus**

Question 52

The primary tubes subdivide within the lungs to form smaller secondary bronchi tubes, ____ on the right and ____ on the left each of which supply one lung lobe.

Answer 52

**Three** **Two**

Question 53

The branches that are under _____ in diameter are called bronchioles.

Answer 53

**1 mm**

Question 54

Since cilia or mucus-producing cells are not present in the bronchioles, any debris found in the bronchioles is usually removed by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 54

**Macrophages**

Question 55

Bronchioles subdivide into microscopic tubes called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Each of these ends in several _________ (looks like a cluster of grapes), and the wall of these is made up of numerous \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (looks like a single grape).

Answer 55

**Alveolar ducts** **Alveolar sacs** **Alveoli**

Question 56

Alveoli’s external surface is intimately associated with ____________ for gaseous exchange.

Answer 56

**Pulmonary Capillaries**

Question 57

What prevents the collapse of the alveoli after each expiration?

Answer 57

**Surfactant** Secretion produced by certain alveolar cells.

Question 58

The alveoli are the ___________ because of their extremely thin walls.

Answer 58

**Main site of gas exchange**

Question 59

The lungs lie in close contact with the ribs and form a continuously curving surface called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 59

**Costal Surface**

Question 60

The __________ produce lubricating fluid for the lungs to reduce friction.

Answer 60

**Pleura**

Question 61

The left lung has two lobes (upper and lower) which are divided by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle and lower) which are divided by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 61

**Oblique fissure** **Oblique and horizontal fissure**

Question 62

The smallest subdivision of the lung that can be seen with the naked eye is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. They look like hexagons and range in size from a pencil eraser to the size of a penny.

Answer 62

**Lobule**

Question 63

On the medial surface of each lung there is an indentation called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. This is where blood vessels of the pulmonary and systemic circulation enter and leave the lungs.

Answer 63

**Hilus**

Question 64

The \_\_\_\_\_ of the lungs lies just deep to the clavicle.The inferior surface rests on the diaphragm and is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 64

**Apex** **Base**

Question 65

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the respiratory system.

Answer 65

**Respiratory Mucosa**

Question 66

The _____________ is a single layer of cells that make up the walls of the alveoli and separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in the surrounding capillaries.

Answer 66

**Respiratory Membrane**

Question 67

The mechanics of breathing is called pulmonary ventilation and has two phases:

Answer 67

**Inspiration** **Expiration**

Question 68

The diaphragm is the most important muscles of inspiration and is innervated by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 68

**Phrenic Nerve**

Question 69

During normal quiet inspiration only the _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contract.

Answer 69

**Diaphragm** **External Intercostals**

Question 70

Contraction of the __________ makes the chest cavity longer from top to bottom. Contraction of the _______________ increases the size of the thoracic cavity from front to back.

Answer 70

**Diaphragm** **External intercostal muscles**

Question 71

The contraction of the inspiration muscles increases the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and decreases the air pressure within the lungs, which draws air into the lungs.

Answer 71

**Intrapulmonary volume**

Question 72

This property of the lungs causes them to recoil and decreases in size causing a decrease in intrapulmonary volume.

Answer 72

**Elasticity of the lungs**

Question 73

**TRUE or FALSE:** Normal quiet expiration is an active process that involves the eccentric contraction of muscles of inspiration.

Answer 73

**FALSE.** Normal quiet expiration is a passive process that begins when the muscles of inspiration relax.

Question 74

In forced expiration, mainly the abdominal and ______________ contract.

Answer 74

**Internal intercostal muscles**

Question 75

The __________ push the internal organs against the diaphragm causing it to become more dome-shaped and the ____________ depress the rib cage and both act to decrease the size and therefore the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Answer 75

**Abdominal muscles** **Internal intercostal muscles**

Question 76

The exchange of gas between the blood and alveolar air occurs by __________ due to the blood in the lung capillaries being low in O**2** and alveolar air being high in O**2****.**

Answer 76

**Passive diffusion**

Question 77

Within the lungs the pulmonary arteries branch and finally feed into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which surround the alveoli.

Answer 77

**Pulmonary Capillary Network**

Question 78

Oxygen is used by cells during their metabolic activities, which in turn produces \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which then leaves the cells into the interstitial fluid. It then moves through the tissue capillary membrane and back out into the blood via the process of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 78

**Carbon dioxide** **Metabolic waste** **Diffusion**

Question 79

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Normal quiet breathing moving about 500 ml in and out of the lungs.

Answer 79

**Tidal Volume**

Question 80

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume. Between 2100 and 3200 mL.

Answer 80

**Inspiratory reserve volume**

Question 81

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after tidal volume.

Answer 81

**Expiratory reserve volume**

Question 82

Expiratory reserve volume is approximately ________ mL.

Answer 82

**1200**

Question 83

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Even after strenuous expiration there is about 1200 mL still in the lungs that cannot be voluntarily expelled. And this allows gas exchange to continue between breaths.

Answer 83

**Residual volume**

Question 84

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to laboured or difficult breathing often associated with hypoventilation.

Answer 84

**Dyspnea**

Question 85

Eupnea – Refers to _________ respiratory rate.

Answer 85

**Normal**

Question 86

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – Failure to breathe after a prolonged period of apnea.

Answer 86

**Respiratory Arrest**

Question 87

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to very rapid respiration. Meanwhile, ____________ refers to very slow or shallow respiration.

Answer 87

**Hyperventilation** **Hypoventilation**

Question 88

When the body is at rest, on average, we take ______ breaths per minute. When we move about and exercise we use more O**2** and, therefore, we _______ our respiration.

Answer 88

**12 to 18** **increase**

Question 89

Nervous impulses that stimulate the respiratory muscles originate in respiratory control centres in the ________ and _______ of the brain.

Answer 89

**Medulla** **Pons**

Question 90

The _________ can also influence respiration by modifying neuron firing in the medulla.

Answer 90

**Cerebral cortex**

Question 91

Automatic adjustments (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) happen in our bodies when more oxygen is required.

Answer 91

**Homeostasis**