Chapter 3 The Sound System: Phonology Flashcards
(25 cards)
spectrogram
a graphic representation of the frequency distribution of the complex jumble of sound waves that give the hearing impression of speech sounds.
phone
a physical realization of a speech sound like the voiceless or the voiced alveolar approximant
narrow transcription
transcription to add additional articulatory details
complementary distribution
two sounds that are distributed in such a way that one can only occur where the other cannot occur
minimal pairs
a pair of words which differ in only one sound but have different meanings
free variation
speakers can choose which allophone they use
allophones
phones which function as alternant realizations of the same phoneme
aspiration
the process of aspirating stops
aspirated stop
a stop that is produced with an extra breath of air
rhotic varieties
r-sounds can occur in word-final position
rhotic varieties
r-sounds can occur in word-final position
velarised
secondary articulation in the pronunciation of consonants when the tongue is drawn far up and back in the mouth
constituents
the elements that make up a syllable
syllabic consonants
consonants which occupy the central part of the syllable
nucleus
the nucleus is the slot for a vowel which can be filled by a vowel, a diphthong, or a syllabic consonant
onset
prevocalic slot and can be filled by one or more consonants
coda
postvocalic slot and can be filled by one or more consonants
vowel epenthesis
insertion of vowels into syllables
syllabification
assigning syllable structure to words
sonority
the category that captures our acoustic impression of “clear audibility”
Maximal Onset Principle
a principle that determines underlying syllable division
Sonority Sequencing Principle
sounds preceding the nucleus must rise in sonority and sounds following the nucleus must fall in sonority
clear 1
non-velarised realisation [l], i.e.
dark 1
The third realisation of /l/ is what is called a velarised
realisation of /l/
