Chapter 3- Utility Pruning

Question 1

A ___ __ ____ is a defined area of land with use rights designated for an intended purpose, such as a utility line

Answer 1

Right of Way

Question 2

An _____ is a legal, non possessory interest in rear property that conveys use or partial use, but not ownership, of all, or more typically a portion of an owner’s property

Answer 2

Easement

Question 3

A ____ _____ is a process used to achieve the desired long-term form of a plant

Answer 3

Pruning system

Question 4

A ____ _____ system is performed with an understanding of a the tree’s natural characteristics and growth patterns, while allowing for changes in appearance. Most utility pruning falls under this system

Answer 4

Natural Pruning.

Question 5

Describe Pollarding

Answer 5

Specialty pruning technique in which a tree with a large maturing form is kept relatively short. Internodal cuts are made at a chosen height, resulting in sprouts. Requires regular removal of the sprouts

Question 6

A discredited practice involving the stubbing all or part of the crown of the tree without regard for tree health or structure. Severely damages tress and encourages rapid growth

Answer 6

Topping (roundover)

Question 7

A ____ ____ ____ is made when removing the smaller of two branches at a union, without cutting into the branch bark ridge or branch collar, or leaving a stub

Answer 7

Branch removal cut

Question 8

A ____ ____ removes the larger of two branches, or codominant stem, at a union, to a live lateral branch at least 1/3 the diameter of the stem/branch being removed. Should be done at a slight angle

Answer 8

Reduction cut

Question 9

A ___ _____ removes a branch or leader either between nodes, or to a much smaller lateral branch, or to a bud. Cutting an older branch or stem back to a stub in order to meet a structural objecting

Answer 9

Heading Cut

Question 10

Slightly enlarged growth point on a stem where leaves and buds arise

Answer 10

Node

Question 11

4 Primary factors that influence tree response to pruning:

Answer 11

1. ) Species
2. ) Location, size, and quality of pruning
3. ) Amount removed and tree vitality
4. ) Site factors

Question 12

True or False: trees produce more sprouts when larger branches are pruned back to smaller branches

Answer 12

True

Question 13

True or False: the larger percentage of the crown remove, the stronger the expected growth response from a tree in good health

Answer 13

True

Question 14

A tree with _____ growth habit adjacent to overhead lines requires more pruning than a tree with ____ growth pattern

Answer 14

deccurent (spreading), excurrent (upright)

Question 15

A type of pruning that reduces size and ensuing growth of a branch in relation to other branches, causing the branch to grow at a slower rate

Answer 15

Subordination

Question 16

Suboridnation is a type of ____ ____ ____

Answer 16

Strutural pruning technique

Question 17

The two main objectives of utility pruning are ____ _____ and ______

Answer 17

risk reduction, clearance

Question 18

True or False: A strategy that focuses on risk reduction promotes greater reliability than one for clearance

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Trees compensate for structural defects with ____ _____

Answer 19

Response Growth

Question 20

New wood produced in response to loads to compensate for higher strain in marginal fibers. Includes reaction wood and wound wood.

Answer 20

Response Growth

Question 21

Trees and branches falling from beyond specified clearance distances have a ________ impact on service reliability than trees growing into and contacting power lines

Answer 21

greater

Question 22

Risk = _________ X __________

Answer 22

Probability, Consequence

Question 23

Selective removal of branches to guide and/or discourage growth in a particular fashion. Accomplished by removing or reducing branches back to lateral branches or parent stems to discourage growth

Answer 23

Directional Pruning

Question 24

Directional pruning is most effective when performed at ____ ____ and when ____ ____ are taken into consideration

Answer 24

frequent intervals, tree charateristics

Question 25

Tall trees with _____ growth habit are not good candidates for directional pruning

Answer 25

excurrent (upright). examples, pines or conifers

Question 26

The best solution for palms interfering with utility facilities is ___ or ______

Answer 26

removal or relocation

Question 27

An _______ is land over which the utility has a _____-______-_____ to maintain clearance

Answer 27

easement, Right of Way

Question 28

The planned ____ _____ is the time between scheduled pruning operations

Answer 28

maintenance interval

Question 29

When it has little or no likelihood of failure or impact to utility facilities, maintenance of a portion of a tree that is outside of the utility easement is the responsibility of the ____ _____

Answer 29

property owner (tree owner)

Question 30

Trees react to structural defects with ________ _____, which compensates for structural weakness

Answer 30

response growth

Question 31

________ uses reduction cuts to reduce branch length relative to other similar branches

Answer 31

Subordination

Question 32

Trees that have been rounded over or topped in the past, but later converted to directional pruning may have extensive _________ growth on decayed stubs

Answer 32

Epicormic

Question 33

A shoot arising from a dormant bud or from a newly formed adventitious tissue

Answer 33

Epicormic shoot

Question 34

Excurrent

Answer 34

pattern of tree branching characterized by a central leader and a pyramidal, cone-shaped crown

Question 35

Maintenance that is performed before an occurrence such as a service interruption is termed _______, while maintenance that is performed in response to such an occurrence is termed ______

Answer 35

preventative, reactive

Question 36

All of the following are objective of utility pruning except: a. ) reducing risk b. ) maintaining tree structure c. ) providing clearance d. ) decreasing wind resistance

Answer 36

d.) decreasing wind resistance

Question 37

True or False: Utility Easements may include only a portion of the individual tree

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Reducing or removing branches back to laterals or parent stems growing away from the facility is known as:

Answer 38

directional pruning

Question 39

Which of the following is true of palms? a. ) palms can be directionally pruned b. ) palms can be reduced in height c. ) palms can close over trunk wounds d. ) palms can quickly replace removed fronds

Answer 39

d.) palms can quickly replace removed fronds

Question 40

Which of the following is not true of TGRs? a. ) TGRs are effective in reducing the rate of shoot growth b. ) TGRs have little or no deleterious effects c. ) TGRS result in leaves that are smaller and slightly darker than normal d. ) TGRs are more effective when applied to slow-growing trees

Answer 40

d.) TGRs are more effective when applied to slow growing trees

Question 41

Chemical and Mechanical pruning should be restricted to areas:

Answer 41

where conventional methods are impractical, such as remove and rural locations.

Question 42

True or False: Heavy sprout growth following utility pruning is never expected from healthy trees

Answer 42

False