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Gov > Chapter 3 vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 3 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

`Appropriations bill

A

When the nation’s budget is set, only Congress can set the appropriations— the actual amount available in a fiscal year—for each program that it has authorized

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2
Q

Authorization

A

when a law is passed setting up a government program, Congress must pass an authorization bill that states the maximum amount of money available for it.

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3
Q

Baker c. Carr, 1962

A

a state’s drawing of electoral boundaries, i.e. redistricting, violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution.

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4
Q

Blue Dog Democrats

A

A caucus that is made up of moderate-to-conservative democrats who prefer more moderate policies on issues such as welfare and the budget.

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5
Q

Conference committee

A

consist of members from both the House and Senate, but they are formed exclusively to hammer out differences between House and Senate versions of similar bills.

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6
Q

Congressional Budget Office (CBO)

A

advises Congress on the possible economic effects of various spending programs and policies

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7
Q

Congressional Research Service (CRS)

A

As a politically neutral body, it does not pursue policy recommendations but instead researches facts and provides arguments both for and against proposed policies.

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8
Q

Constituents

A

A person who is represented politically by a designated government official or officeholder

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9
Q

Contract with America

A

Republican plan in the 1994 election, calling for welfare reform, congressional term limits, and a balanced-budget amendment

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10
Q

Easley v. Cromartie, 2001

A

Drawing boundaries of an electoral district according to voting behavior, even when that appears to correlate with race, does not violate equal protection if there is a lack of alternative ways to draw boundaries in a more racially balanced way.

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11
Q

Franking privilege

A

The ability of members of Congress to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature (frank) for postage.

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12
Q

The Freedom Caucus

A

caucus that doesn’t like powerful gov, against party leadership completely

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13
Q

Incumbents

A

people who have already held office, with secure seats

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14
Q

Malapportionment

A

unfair proportional distribution of representatives to a legislative body.

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15
Q

Minority/majority districting

A

a racial or ethnic minority makes up a large-enough share of the electorate to assure that the community has a reasonable chance to elect the candidate of their choice.

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16
Q

Oversight power

A

provides the legislative branch with an opportunity to inspect, examine, review and check the executive branch and its agencies.

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17
Q

Party whips

A

Assists each floor leader of the House, and serves as go-betweens for the member and the leadership

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18
Q

Politico view

A

members of congress vote for people back home

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19
Q

President pro tempore

A

preside over the Senate in the absence of the vice president

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20
Q

Revenue bills

A

any bill that increases/decreases the total revenues available for appropriation, including any sales tax exemption bill.

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21
Q

Rules Committee

A

sets very important rules for debate when the bill is presented to the House after it leaves the committee

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22
Q

Select committees

A

formed for specific purposes and are usually temporary

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23
Q

Shaw v. Reno, 1993

A

redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause and on the basis that it violated the fourteenth Amendment because it was drawn solely based on race.

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24
Q

Special prosecutor

A

a special counsel that’s a lawyer appointed to investigate, and potentially prosecute, a particular case of suspected wrongdoing for which a conflict of interest exists for the usual prosecuting authority.

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25
Q

Trustee view

A

balances research, hearings, and reports with the views of constituents.

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26
Q

Voting Rights Act, 1965

A

by President Lyndon Johnson. It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices

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27
Q

Wesberry v. Sanders, 1964

A

requires each state to draw its U.S. Congressional districts so that they are approximately equal in population

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28
Q

mid-decade redistricting

A

When a state redraws it district lines before the mandatory 10 year census

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29
Q

League of United Latin American Citizens et al. v. Perry, Governor of Texas

A

It stated that nothing in the Constitution prevented the state from redrawing its electoral boundaries as many times it wanted so long as it did so at least once every ten years.

30
Q

coalitions

A

a temporary alliance of political parties forming a government or of states in order to achieve a common goal

31
Q

simple resolution

A

passed by either the House or the Senate, and usually establishes rules, regulations, or practices that do not have the force of law

32
Q

concurrent resolution

A

comes from both houses, and often settles housekeeping and procedural matters that affect both houses. Do not have the force of law

33
Q

joint resolution

A

requires the approval of both houses and the signature of the president, and is essentially the same as a law. Sometimes passed when the houses of Congress react to an important issue that needs immediate attention.

34
Q

multiple referral

A

if a bill needed to be considered by several groups it would be submitted to several committees at once

35
Q

sequential referral

A

when a measure is referred to an additional committee (or committees) subject to time limits by the Speaker imposed after the primary committee has reported the measure.`

36
Q

public hearings

A

a formal proceeding held in order to receive testimony from all interested parties – including the general public – on a proposed issue or action

37
Q

committee of the whole

A

a committee of the House on which all Representatives serve and which meets in the House Chamber for the consideration of measures from the Union calendar.

38
Q

germane amendments

A

the simple proposition that an amendment must address the same subject as the matter being amended.

39
Q

cloture

A

in which 3/5ths of the entire Senate membership must vote to stop debate

40
Q

super majority

A

Any constitutional amendment, whether initiated or referred by the Legislature, must be approved by at least 60% of those voting on the measure.

41
Q

“Hold” (Senate)

A

an informal, secret notification by a senator to the floor leader that he or she does not want a bill to reach the floor for consideration

42
Q

Unanimous consent

A

Agreement on any question or matter before the Senate that sets aside a rule of procedure to expedite proceedings. Many requests for unanimous consent are routine but if any senator objects, the request is rejected.

43
Q

teller vote

A

members file past the clerk, first the “yeas” and then the “nays”

44
Q

voice vote

A

which they simply shout “yea” or “nay”

45
Q

division vote

A

members stand to be counted

46
Q

roll call voting

A

consists of people answering “yea” or “nay” to their names.

47
Q

electronic voting

A

permits each member to insert a plastic card in a slot to record his or her vote; most commonly used today

48
Q

pocket veto

A

If the president receives a bill within ten days of the adjournment of the congressional session, he may simply not respond and the bill will die

49
Q

Line-item veto

A

permits executives to veto sections of a bill that is objectionable to them

50
Q

signing statements

A

A signing statement is a written pronouncement issued by the President of the United States upon the signing of a bill into law.

51
Q

power of the purse

A

power of economy

52
Q

spending limits (caps)

A

passed to prevent out of control spending

53
Q

mandatory spending

A

items that cannot be controlled through the budget process, they include the interest on the debt, Social Security, federal employee retirement program and Medicare.

54
Q

discretionary defense

A

federal spending on programs that are controlled through the regular budget process such as education and defense.

55
Q

Budget Control Act, 2011 and 2015

A

set caps on defense and non-defense discretionary spending through 2021 and required Congress to enact $1.2 trillion in additional deficit reduction.

56
Q

pork

A

refers to benefits for their districts, and bills that give those benefits to constituents to hope of gaining their vote

57
Q

2005 Consolidated Appropriations Act

A

funded about 11,000 projects; the act was criticized largely because so much money went to constituencies well represented on the Appropriations Committees in Congress

58
Q

“Bridge to Nowhere”

A

a project to provide a bridge for a small city in Alaska to an island where the airport was located. Has since become symbolic of the financial irresponsibility of pork projects

59
Q

logrolling

A

occurs when a member of Congress supports another member’s pet project in return for support for his/her own project

60
Q

earmark

A

any part of a spending bill that provides money for a specific project, location or institution

61
Q

party polarization

A

the tendency for members of Congress to become less moderate, with conservative members becoming more conservative and liberal members becoming more liberal

62
Q

efficiency gap

A

is to add up, over all electoral districts, the wasted votes of each party’s candidates. The efficiency gap is the difference between the two parties’ wasted votes, divided by the total number of votes

63
Q

packing gerrymandering

A

is done by concentrating a party’s voters in one district with the effect of limiting their numbers in other districts

64
Q

cracking gerrymandering

A

dilutes the power of voters of a particular party in districts, by dispersing the party’s supports throughout several districts,

65
Q

partisan gerrymandering

A

the practice of dividing a geographic area into electoral districts, often of highly irregular shape, to give one political party an unfair advantage by diluting the opposition’s voting strength.

66
Q

christmas tree bill

A

a bill that attracts many, often unrelated, floor amendments.

67
Q

Open Rule

A

means any member can offer any germane amendment to the bill on the House floor.

68
Q

Closed Rule

A

eliminate the opportunity to consider amendments, other than those reported by the committee reporting the bill.

69
Q

Rucho v. Common Cause, 2019

A

a landmark redistricting case, where the Supreme Court ruled it could not set a constitutional standard against partisan gerrymandering.

70
Q

single member district

A

an electoral district or constituency having a single representative in a legislative body rather than two or more.

71
Q

implied powers doctrine

A

the necessary and proper clause???

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