Chapter 30 Flashcards
Orchestrating the Environment
Describe orchestration procedures.
An app container is first designed with a chosen operating system, libraries, and supporting software installed as security and authentication policies. After the image design is complete, it is documented and stored, typically in a version control registry. The app container is deployed and replicated as needed. At this point, the app container moves into the monitoring phase, where it continues until the container images are no longer needed.
Explain orchestrated app container attributes.
App container images are static (immutable) and do not change after they have been designed and documented. For a development app container, only the app is modified, not the infrastructure or policies. A container image is registered with a version control system to assist in troubleshooting as well as rollbacks, if needed. When a new app container image is ready, the old production container image is stopped, not updated. The new app container is started in its place. App containers can be replicated. Thus, if additional app containers are needed, the new image is replicated to meet the needs.
Summarize container monitoring.
Orchestration monitoring tools can have software installed on the app container (agent) or use already embedded or other preexisting container software (agentless). The monitoring utilities gather performance data and software metrics and watch the app containers’ health. If the container inventory should drop below the desired state, the orchestration tool can use automated configuration management and build automation to replicate the number of containers to bring the app container inventory back to the desired state.
Which of the following can use orchestration? (Choose all that apply.)
Software development Music production Server monitoring DevOps Containers
A, B, C, D, E. All these choices contain items that can use orchestration and are correct choices. Since orchestration refers to the organization of a process that is balanced and coordinated and achieves consistency in the results, there are not many things that cannot use orchestration. An exception would be a situation where you are trying to simulate random chaos.
Connie, the tech ops lead, provides the development team with a development environment that currently matches the production environment. She insists that besides the app modifications, the environment should not change. What attribute should this development environment have to meet Connie’s requirement?
Self-replicating Immutable Kubernetes Infrastructure as code Self-healing
B. To meet Connie’s requirement, the development environment must be immutable (not modifiable). Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Self-replication will not assist in reaching Connie’s requirement for an unchanging environment, so option A is a wrong answer. Kubernetes is an orchestration engine, not an attribute, so option C is also an incorrect choice. Infrastructure as code does not provide an unchanging environment, so option D is a wrong answer. In orchestration, self-healing refers to a different issue than an unchanging environment, so option E is also an incorrect choice.
Bill, the software development team leader, understands Connie’s (tech ops lead) desire for a static and matching development environment. However, since they are employing containers, Bill suggests a better improvement. Which of the following should he suggest?
Modify the production container so that it matches the development container when the app is ready for production. Move the app from the development container to the production container when the app is ready for production. Stop any software updates on the development container from occurring before the app is ready for production. Replace the production container with the development container when the app is ready for production. Remove any updates on the development container that are not on the production container when the app is ready for production.
D. With container orchestration and DevOps, to keep the production and development environment matching so that problems do not occur when an app is moved into production, you simply replace the old production environment with the development environment. In the case of containers, this means you stop the old production container and start the new development container as the production container in its place. Thus, option D is the correct answer and follows the “replace, not update” attribute. While the answer in option A would work, it is terribly tedious, time-consuming, and full of potential problems. Therefore, it is a wrong answer. The answer in option B is the old-school method of moving an app into production, and it does not meet Connie’s desire for a static and matching environment. Thus, it is also an incorrect answer. If before the app is ready for production, you stop any software updates on the development container from occurring, that does not make the development environment match the production environment alone. Thus, option C is a wrong choice. Option E also would work but is even more tedious and full of potential problems than the answer in option A. Therefore, it too is an incorrect choice.
Which of the following orchestrated container attributes best provides high availability to an app user?
Immutability Version control Replication Automation Documentation
C. Replication allows an orchestrated container to be built and deployed in multiple copies automatically. This provides high availability when a container crashes as well as when a new app container is being deployed. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. Immutability prevents environment issues from causing application problems, but it is not the best proponent of high availability, and thus, option A is a wrong answer. Version control allows you to roll back and troubleshoot problems in a production environment, which does help provide higher availability, but again it’s not the best attribute toward doing so. Therefore, option B is also an incorrect answer. Option D provides speed in the orchestrated environment, which also helps provide high availability to an app user, but it too is not the best advocate. Thus, option D is also a wrong answer. While documentation helps in the troubleshooting process and slightly contributes to higher availability, it is not the best either. Therefore, option E is also an incorrect choice.
In DevOps and container orchestration, non-hardware items such as the operating system and libraries and security policies are documented within the orchestration tool, implemented into the desired environment, and are called what?
Marathon Build automation A development environment A container Infrastructure as code
E. Infrastructure as code is an umbrella term that encompasses both the configuration management settings (operating system, libraries, additional software) and the policy as code items (security policies, authentication settings). Thus, option E is the correct choice. Marathon is the orchestration tool used with the Mesos application. Therefore, option A is a wrong answer. Build automation uses infrastructure as code. Thus, option B is an incorrect answer. A development environment can be built using infrastructure as a code. Therefore, option C is also a wrong answer. A container also can be built using infrastructure as a code but is not the code itself, so option D is an incorrect choice too.
Ms. Ward needs to move an app container into production. She employs an orchestration tool, which uses the predefined infrastructure as code to deploy and replicate the needed production container images. What orchestration concept did Ms. Ward use?
Monitoring Build automation Replication Version control Docker Swarm
B. Ms. Ward is using build automation. Thus, option B is the correct answer. Monitoring comes after containers are deployed, so option A is a wrong answer. Replication is part of the process Ms. Ward used, but it does not describe the container deployment, so option C is not the best answer and is an incorrect choice. Version control was hopefully used by Ms. Ward so she can roll back or troubleshoot her application, if needed, but option D is not a correct answer. Docker Swarm is an orchestration system, and thus, option E is also an incorrect answer.
Which of the following is a benefit of automated configuration management in container orchestration? (Choose all that apply.)
Containers can be deployed automatically. Containers can be replicated automatically. Troubleshooting infrastructure issues is easier. Continuous software delivery is enabled. Infrastructure modifications are tracked.
A, B, C, E. In container orchestration, automated configuration management allows containers to be deployed and replicated automatically (build automation). Also, troubleshooting infrastructure issues is easier because the modifications are tracked in a version control system. Thus, options A, B, C, and E are all correct answers. While automated configuration management and orchestrated containers may be part of continuous software delivery, they are not directly related. Therefore, option D is the only incorrect choice.
Mr. Abbot is recording requirements for the new orchestration tool. He needs the tool to automatically deploy and replicate any containers that have crashed. What is this called?
Self-healing Build automation Continuous integration Infrastructure as code Pod builds
A. Mr. Abbot needs an orchestration tool that can perform self-healing. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Build automation may be involved in self-healing, but it does not describe the ability to deploy and replicate containers after they have crashed. Thus, option B is a wrong answer. Continuous integration is a DevOps software revision control method that encourages quickly integrating app changes into the main branch. Therefore, option C is an incorrect answer. Infrastructure as code may be employed by build automation but does not describe the ability to self-heal. Thus, option D is wrong choice. Pods are a component of the Kubernetes orchestration engine. Thus, option E is also an incorrect answer.
Connie has picked an agentless orchestration monitoring utility for her app containers. Which of the following reasons might she have used in reaching this decision? (Choose all that apply.)
Connie wanted monitoring software installed on each app container. She did not want monitoring software installed on each app container. Connie was concerned about container performance being adversely affected by the monitoring software. She was not concerned about container performance being adversely affected by the monitoring software. Connie wanted to use what most companies use for orchestration monitoring.
B, C. Those who choose agentless orchestration monitoring tools typically do not want to install monitoring software (an agent) on their app containers. Also, they are concerned about this installed agent adversely affecting performance. Therefore, options B and C are the correct answers. Since the answers in options A and D are opposite of options B and C, they are wrong answers. Also, the industry is divided on which is the best to use (agent or agentless) for orchestration monitoring, so option E is also an incorrect choice.
Which of the following are items that may be collected, used, or watched by an orchestration monitoring tool? (Choose all that apply.)
Version control errors App container performance App metrics App container health Default states
B, C, D, E. App container performance, metrics, container health, and default states are all collected, watched, or used by an orchestration monitoring tool. Therefore, options B, C, D, and E are all correct answers. Option A is the only incorrect choice because the version control system is not used or watched by an orchestration monitoring utility.
