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Fundamentals terms 210 > Chapter 30 > Flashcards

Chapter 30 Flashcards

1
Q

Adventitious sounds

A

abnormal lung sounds heard with auscultation

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2
Q

Crackles

A

Most commonly heard in dependent lobes (right & left lung bases). Caused by random, sudden reinflation of groups of aveoli, disruptive passage or air through small airways (character: fine crackles are high pitched, fine, short. Interrupted crackling sounds heard during end of inspiration, usually not cleared with coughing. Medium crackles are lower, moister sounds heard during middle of inspiration; not cleared with coughing. Coarse crackles are loud, bubbly sounds heard during inspiration, not cleared with coughing.

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3
Q

Rhonchi (sonorous wheeze)

A

Primarily heard over trachea and bronchi, if loud enough, able to be heard over most lung fields. Caused by muscular spasm, fluid, or mucus in larger airways. New growth or external pressure can cause turbulence. Characterized by loud, low-pitched, rumbling coarse sounds, either during inspiration or expiration, can sometimes be cleared by coughing.

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4
Q

Wheezes (sibilant wheeze)

A

Heard over all lung fields. Caused by high-velocity airflow thry severely narrowed or obstructer airways. Characterized by high-pitched, continuous musical sounds like a squeak hard continuously during inspiration or expiration, usually louder on expiration.

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5
Q

Pleural friction rub

A

heard over anterior lateral lung field (if patient is sitting upright). Caused by inflamed pleura, parietal pleura rubbing against visceral pleura. Characterized by dry, rubbing, or grating quality is heard during inspiration or expiration. Does not clear with coughing, heard loudest over lower lateral anterior surface.

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6
Q

alopecia

A

hair loss

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7
Q

aphasia

A

abnormal neurological condition in which language function is defective or absent, related to injury to speech center in cerebral cortex, causing receptive or expressive aphasia

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8
Q

apical impulse or point of maximal impulse (PMI)

A

point where the heartbeat can most easily be palpated through the chest wall. This is usually the fourth intercostal space at the midclavical line

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9
Q

arcus senillis

A

opaque ring, gray to white in color, that surrounds the periphery of the cornea. The condition is caused by deposits of fat granules in the cornea. Occurs primarily in older adults

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10
Q

atrophied

A

wasted or reduced size or physiological activity of a part of the body caused by disease or other influence

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11
Q

auscultation

A

method of physical exam, listening to sounds of the body, usually with a steth

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12
Q

borborygmi

A

audible abdominal sounds produced by hyperactive intestinal peristalsis

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13
Q

bruit

A

abnormal sound or murmur heard while auscultating an organ, gland, or artery

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14
Q

cerumen

A

yellowish or waxy brownish secretion produced by sweat glands in the external ear

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15
Q

clubbing

A

bulging of the tissues at the nail base caused by insufficient oxygenation at the periphery, resulting from conditions such as chronic emphysema and congenital heart disease

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16
Q

conjunctivitis

A

(pink eye) highly contagious eye infection, the crusty drainage that collects on eyelid margins can easily spread from one eye to another

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17
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by an excess of deoxygenated hemobglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule

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18
Q

distension

A

Swelling. When generalized, the entire abdomen protrudes, skin often appears taut, as if it were stretched over the abdomen. When gas causes distention, the flanks (side muscles) do not bulge, however, if fluid is the source, the flanks bulge. Ask a patient to roll on one side, a protuberance forms on the dependent side if fluid is the cause of the distension. Ask patient if the abdomen feels unusually tight. Be careful not to confuse distention with obesity. In obesity of the abdomen is large rolls of adipose tissue are also present along the flanks, and the patient does not complain of tightness in the abdomen

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19
Q

dysrhythmia

A

deviation from the normal pattern of the heart beat

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20
Q

ectropion

A

eversion of the eyelid that exposes the conjunctival membrane and part of the eye ball

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21
Q

entropion

A

condition in which the eye lid turns inward, towards the eyeball

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22
Q

erythema

A

redness or inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes that is a result of dilation and congestion of superficial capillaries; sunburn is an example

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23
Q

excoriation

A

injury to the surface of the skin caused by abrasion

24
Q

goniometer

A

measures the precise degree of motion in a particular joint & is mainly for patients who have a suspected reduction in joint movement. The instrument has two flexible arms with a 180° protractor in the center. The center if the protractor is positioned at the center of the joint being measured

25
Q

hypertonicity

A

excessive tension of the arterial walls or muscles

26
Q

hypotonicity

A

reduced tension of the arterial walls or muscles

27
Q

indurated

A

hardening of a tissue, particularly of the skin, because of edema or inflammation

28
Q

inspected

A

method of physical exam by which the patient is visually systematically examined for appearance, structure, function, and behavior

29
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, hair, scalp, and nails. To assess, you must first gather a health history to guide your exam and use the techniques of inspection and palpation

30
Q

jaundice

A

yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood

31
Q

kyphosis

A

exaggeration of the posterior curvature of the thoracic spine

32
Q

edema

A

Swelling, abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces. Degree of pitting graded as 1+ (2 mm), 2+ (4 mm), 3+ (6 mm), 4+ (8 mm)

33
Q

lordosis

A

increased lumbar curvature

34
Q

malignancy

A

cancer

35
Q

murmurs

A

blowing or whooshing sounds created by changes in the blood flow through the heart or abnormalities in heart valve closure

36
Q

nystagmus

A

an involuntary, rhythmical oscillation of the eyes, occurs as a result of local injury to eye muscles and supporting structures or a disorder of the cranial nerves innervating the muscles. Initiate nystagmus in patient with normal eye movement by having them gaze to the far left or right

37
Q

olfaction

A

pertaining to the sense of smell

38
Q

orthopnea

A

abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand to breathe comfortably

39
Q

osteoporosis

A

disorder characterized by abnormal rarefaction of bone, occurring most frequently in postmenopausal women, sedentary or immobilized individuals, and patients on long-term steroid use

40
Q

ototoxicity

A

having a harmful effect on the eight cranial nerve (auditory) or the organs of hearing and balance

41
Q

palpation

A

method of physical exam whereby the fingers or hands of the examiner are applied to the patients body to feel body parts underlying the skin. Areas examined by palpation:

a. Skin: criteria measured: temp (using dorsum of hand/fingers), moisture (using palmar surface), texture, turgor & elasticity (grasping with fingertips), tenderness, thickness (palmar surface).
b. Organs: Criteria measured: size, shape, tenderness, absence of masses (using entire palmar surface of hand or palmar surface of fingers),
c. Glands: criteria measured: swelling (with pads of fingers), symmetry and mobility
d. Blood vessels: Criteria measured: pulse amplitude (palmar surface/pads of fingers), elasticity, rate, rhythm
e. Thorax: Criteria measured: excursion (palmar surface), tenderness (finger pads/palmar surface of fingers), fremitus (palmar or ulnar surface of entire hand)

42
Q

percussion

A

method of physical examination whereby the location, size, and density of a body part is determined by the tone obtained from the striking of short, sharp taps of the fingers

43
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmical contractions of the intestine that propel gastric contents through the length of gastrointestinal tract

44
Q

PERRLA

A

acronym for pupils, equal, round, reactive to light, accommodation: the acronym is recorded in the physical exam if eye and pupil assessments are normal

45
Q

petechiae

A

tiny purple or red spots that appear on skin as minute hemorrhages within dermal layers

46
Q

pigmentation

A

skin tone variations from body part to body part and person to person. Increased areas of color = hyperpigmentation; decreased areas of color = hypopigmentation

47
Q

polyps

A

tumorlike growths

48
Q

ptosis

A

abnormal of one or both upper eyelids in which the eyelid droops, caused by weakness of the levator muscle or paralysis of the third cranial nerve

49
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral spinal curvature

50
Q

stenosis

A

abnormal condition characterized by the constriction or narrowing of an opening or passageway in a body structure

51
Q

striae

A

streaks or linear scars that result from rapid development of tension in the skin

52
Q

syncope

A

brief lapse in consciousness caused by transient cerebral hypoxia

53
Q

thrill

A

continuous palpable sensation like the purring of a cat

54
Q

turgor

A

normal resiliency of the skin caused by the outward pressure of the cells and interstitial fluid

55
Q

ventricular gallop

A

premature rush of blood into a ventricle that is stiff or dilated as a result of heart failure and hypertension. They combination of S1, S2, S3 sounds like “ken-tuck-y” (Atrial gallop occurs just before s1, or ventricular systole. The sound of an s4 is similar to that of ten-es-see. Physiologically is caused by an atrial contraction pushing against a ventricle that is not accepting blood because of heart failure or other alterations. You can hear extra heart sounds more easily with the patient lying on the left side & the steth at the apical site)

56
Q

vocal or tactile fremitus

A

tremulous vibration of the chest wall during breathing that is palpable on physical exam

Fundamentals terms 210 (11 decks)

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