Chapter 30 Assessment of the Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Layers of the heart

Answer 1

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium + pericardial fluid/ sack

Question 2

Heart Chambers & Great Vessels

Answer 2

Right and Left Atria; Right and Left Ventricles; Pulmonary artery; Aorta; Inferior Vena Cava; Pulmonary Veins

Question 3

What divides the Right ventricle from the Left Ventricle?

Answer 3

Septum

Question 4

How much blood does the heart pump per min?

Answer 4

5L

Question 5

Atrioventricular Valves (AV)

Answer 5

Tricuspid and Mitral Valves

Question 6

Semilunar Valves (SV)

Answer 6

Pulmonic and Aortic Valves

Question 7

Left Anterior Descending (LAD)

Answer 7

aka: Widow maker

Question 8

Coronary Vessel Circulation

Answer 8

Left Anterior Descending (LAD); Circumflex; Right Coronary Artery (RCA)

Question 9

The is the what between the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation?

Answer 9

connection

Question 10

The ability to generate an electrical impulse independently of stimulation by the nervous system or any other source is called what? (pacemaker cells)

Answer 10

automaticity

Question 11

The ability of the cells to respond to electrical stimulation is what? (muscle and nerve cells of the heart)

Answer 11

excitability

Question 12

The ability to pass or propagate an electrical impulse from cell to cell through the heart.

Answer 12

conductivity

Question 13

mechanical activity of the heart (not an electrical activity)

Answer 13

contractility

Question 14

Conduction System Sequence from fastest to slowest

Answer 14

SA Node - AV Node- Bundle of His - Bundle Branches - Purkinje Fibers

Question 15

What is the primary pacemaker at a rate of 60-100?

Answer 15

SA Node

Question 16

What rate is the AV node?

Answer 16

40- 60 (bradycardic)

Question 17

Resting state or what? of the heart

Answer 17

polarized

Question 18

electrical stimulation changes __________

Answer 18

permeability

Question 19

conductivity moves ________ rapidly from cell to cell

Answer 19

depolarization (milliseconds)

Question 20

the heart must return to ________ ________ of internal negativity for further depolarization to occur

Answer 20

resting state

Question 21

Mechanical Properties of the Heart

Answer 21

Cardiac Output; Heart Rate; Stroke Volume; Preload; Resistance; Myocardial Contractility

Question 22

the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute

Answer 22

Cardiac output

Question 23

Cardiac Output =

Answer 23

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

Question 24

Blood pumped through the heart at an estimated _____mL per Heart beat?

Answer 24

60mL

Question 25

the number of times the ventricles contract each minute

Answer 25

heart rate

Question 26

determined by the autonomic nervous system

Answer 26

heart rate

Question 27

autonomic nervous system is composed of what 2 systems

Answer 27

parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 28

amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each contraction

Answer 28

stroke volume

Question 29

4 factors affecting cardiac output are?

Answer 29

preload, afterload, contractility and heart rate

Question 30

volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (degree of myocardial stretch)

Answer 30

preload

Question 31

SV of the heart increases in response to an increase in volume if blood filling the heart

Answer 31

Starling's Law

Question 32

resistance the ventricles must pump against in order to circulate blood

Answer 32

afterload

Question 33

afterload is greater on which ventricle?

Answer 33

left is greater than the right

Question 34

the force of contraction

Answer 34

contractility

Question 35

controls all components of the heart

Answer 35

sympathetic nervous system

Question 36

releases Norepinephrine

Answer 36

sympathetic nervous system

Question 37

positive chronotropic

Answer 37

increases HR

Question 38

positive inotropic

Answer 38

increases contractility

Question 39

positive chronotropic/ positive inotropic

Answer 39

sympathetic nervous system

Question 40

controls the SA node and AV node

Answer 40

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 41

releases Acetylcholine

Answer 41

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 42

negative chronotropic

Answer 42

decreases HR

Question 43

has little effect on contractility

Answer 43

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 44

Cardiovascular changes with age

Answer 44

*decreased vessel elasticity *increased calcification of vessels *impaired valve function *decrease in muscle tone (including heart) *decrease in baroreceptor response to BP changes *decreased conduction ability of the heart

Question 45

purpose of taking patient history during the assessment

Answer 45

to obtain info about risk factors and symptoms of CV disease

Question 46

what is the best indicator of fluid balance?

Answer 46

weight

Question 47

1 liter of fluid =

Answer 47

2.2 lb/ 1 kg

Question 48

precordium

Answer 48

sternal/ 5th costal space

Question 49

What are the 5 areas for listening to the heart?

Answer 49

All People Enjoy Time Magazine A-Aorta P-Pulmonic E- Erb's Point T- Tricuspid M- Mitral

Question 50

train your ears to what you are seeing

Answer 50

telemetry/ stethoscope

Question 51

Triad of symptoms for women (heart disease)

Answer 51

weakness/ fatigue, indigestion, strangling

Question 52

Serum markers for myocardial damage

Answer 52

troponin, creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin, serum lipids

Question 53

cardiac lab tests

Answer 53

blood coagulation studies, ABGs, CBC, cardiac markers

Question 54

measurement of pressure, flow, and oxygenation of blood within the CV system

Answer 54

hemodynamic monitoring

Question 55

to identify abnormal physiology and intervene before complications, including organ failure and death, occur

Answer 55

the purpose of hemodynamic monitoring

Question 56

cardiac diagnostic testing

Answer 56

ECG (electrocardiography), EPS (electrophysiologic study), Stress Test (excercise electrocardiography), Echocardiography (Pharmacologic stress echocardiogram and transesphopaheal echocardiogram (TEE), Lexiscan