Chapter 30 - Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Question 1

Nonvascular plants -

Answer 1

bryophytes

Question 2

All seed plants have:

Answer 2

seeds, reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, and pollen

Question 3

Homosporous

Answer 3

produce one kind of spore, which usually gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte (most seedless plants)

Question 4

Heterosporous

Answer 4

producing two kinds of spores

Question 5

Megasporophylls -

Answer 5

produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

Question 6

Microsporophylls -

Answer 6

produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

Question 7

Integument -

Answer 7

a layer of sporophyte tissue envelops and protects the megasporangium

Question 8

Ovule -

Answer 8

the whole structure; megasporangium, megaspore, and their integument(s)

Question 9

Microspore -

Answer 9

develops into a pollen grain that consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall

Question 10

Pollination

Answer 10

the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules

Question 11

Seeds -

Answer 11

multicellular, consisting of an embryo protected by a layer of tissue, the seed coat

can remain dormant for days, months, or even years after being released from the parent plant

have a supply of stored food

Question 12

Gymnosperms -

Answer 12

“naked” seeds exposed on sporophylls that usually form cones

Question 13

Conifers -

Answer 13

most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants, ex. pines, firs, and redwoods

Question 14

Gymnosperms dominated terrestrial ecosystems throughout much of:

Answer 14

the Mesozoic era, which lasted from 252 to 66 million years ago

Question 15

Angiosperms -

Answer 15

seed plants with the reproductive structures called flowers and fruits

Question 16

The flower -

Answer 16

a unique angiosperm structure that is specialized for sexual reproduction

Question 17

The sepals -

Answer 17

at the base of the flower, usually green and encloses the flower before it opens

Question 18

The petals -

Answer 18

brightly colored in most flowers and can aid in attracting pollinators

Question 19

Stamens -

Answer 19

microsporophylls that produce microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes. Consisting of a stalk called the filament and a terminal sac, the anther, where pollen is produced

Question 20

Carpels -

Answer 20

megasporophylls that hey produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes. Is the “container” in which seeds are enclosed. At the tip of the carpel is a sticky stigma that receives pollen. A style leads from the stigma to a structure at the base of the carpel, the ovary; the ovary contains one or more ovules.

Question 21

Stigma -

Answer 21

At the tip of the carpel is a sticky organ that receives pollen

Question 22

A style -

Answer 22

leads from the stigma to a structure at the base of the carpel, the ovary

Question 23

A fruit -

Answer 23

developed ovary wall after fertilization enclosing the seeds

Question 24

Cross-pollination -

Answer 24

the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species to increase genetic diversity

Question 25

Micropyle -

Answer 25

a pore in the integuments of the ovule

Question 26

Double fertilization -

Answer 26

in which one fertilization event produces a zygote and the other produces a triploid cell, is unique to angiosperms.

Question 27

Cotyledons -

Answer 27

seed leaves

Question 28

Endosperm -

Answer 28

tissue rich in starch and other food reserves that nourish the developing embryo

Question 29

Monocots -

Answer 29

species with one cotyledon

Question 30

Dicots -

Answer 30

species with two cotyledons

Question 31

Eudicots -

Answer 31

the clade consisting of species once categorized as dicots

Question 32

Most of our food comes from angiosperms. Just six crops: ___________ yield 80% of the human crop diet

Answer 32

maize, rice, wheat, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes

Question 33

We also depend on angiosperms to feed livestock: It takes 5–7 kg of grain to produce:

Answer 33

1 kg of grain-fed beef