Chapter 30: Urinary Elimination Flashcards
Describe the physical characteristics of urine.
Volume, color, clarity, odor
Identify factors that can affect urination & their effect on urination.
- the degree of neuromuscular development & the integrity of the spinal cord
- the volume of fluid intake & the amt of fluid loss, including those from other sources
- the amt of food consumed
- the person’s Circadian rhythm, habits, opportunities for urination, & anxiety
Voided specimen
Sample of fresh urine collected in a clean container; 1st voided specimen is preferred b/c it is most likely to contain substantial urinary components that have accumulated; transferred to a specimen container & delivered to the lab for testing & analysis; if cannot be examined in less than one hour, label & refrigerate
Clean-catch specimen
Voided sample considered sterile; to avoid contamination, external structures are cleansed; urine us collected after the initial stream; preferred to random specimens; also preferred if a woman is on her period; after collection, is labeled and taken to the lab; refrigerate if analysis will be delayed more than 1 hr
Catheter specimen
Urine specimen collected under sterile conditions; for clients who are already catheterized, nurse can aspirate a sample through the lumen of a latex catheter or from a self-sealing port that has been cleansed with an alcohol pad
25-hr specimen
Collection of all urine produced in a full 24-hr period; nurse places the collected urine in a container with a chemical preservative or outs the container in a basin of ice or refrigerator; client must urinate just before & discard; label & take to lab
Hematuria
Bloody urine
Puris
Pus in urine
Proteinuria
Protein in urine
Albuminuria
Albumin in urine
Glycosuria
Glucose in urine
Ketonuria
Ketones in urine
absence of urine or a volume of 100 mL or less in 24 hrs; indicates that kidneys are not forming sufficient urine
Anuria
Oliguria
Urine output
Nocturia
Nighttime urination; unusual b/c rate of urination is normally reduced at night
Polyuria
> normal urinary elimination & may accompany minor dietary variations; common disorders associated with this includes diabetes mellitus & diabetes insipidus
Urinary retention
Client produces urine but does not release it from the bladder; s/s = progressively distending bladder
Dysuria
Difficult or uncomfortable voiding; common Sx of trauma to the urethra or a bladder infection; often accompanied by frequency & urgency
Incontinence
The inability to control either urinary or bowel elimination; abnormal after a person is potty trained
Discuss three ways to assist clients with urinary elimination.
- commode - chair with an opening in the seat under which a receptacle is placed; located near/beside the bed; cleaned immediately after use
- urinal - cylindrical container for collecting urine; more easily used by males; should be empty when given to client; clean/empty immediately after use
- bedpan - seatlike container or elimination; used for urine & stool; made of plastic, several inches deep
Stress incontinence
Loss of small amts of urine when intra-abdominal pressure rises
Urge incontinence
Need to void perceived frequently, with short-lived ability to sustain control of the flow
Reflex incontinence
Spontaneous loss of urine when the bladder is stretched with urine, but w/o prior perception of a need to void
Functional incontinence
Control over urination lost b/c of inaccessibility to a toilet or a compromised ability to use one
