Chapter 3.1

Question 1

What is neuroanatomy?

Answer 1

Anatomy of the nervous system

Question 2

What is the central nervous system?

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord

Question 3

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 3

Connects brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

Question 4

What is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 4

• Part of the peripheral nervous system
• Made of axons

Question 5

what do the axons in the somatic nervous system do?

Answer 5

Take in messages from sensory organs, sending input to central nervous system, which sends inputs to the muscles

Question 6

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 6

• Part of peripheral nervous system
• Controls body’s organs

Question 7

What is the enteric nervous system?

Answer 7

• Part of autonomic nervous system
• Controls digestive system

Question 8

What dimensions are the nervous system?

Answer 8

3-Dimensional

Question 9

What does dorsal mean?

Answer 9

Toward the back

Question 10

What does ventral mean?

Answer 10

Toward the stomach

Question 11

What kind of angle is the dorsal/ventral axis of the human brain to the dorsal/ventral axis of the spinal cord?

Answer 11

90 degrees

Question 12

What does medial mean?

Answer 12

Toward the midline, away from the side

Question 13

What does lateral mean?

Answer 13

Toward the side, away from the midline

Question 14

What does ipsilateral mean?

Answer 14

Positioned on the same side(s) of the body

Question 15

What does contralateral mean?

Answer 15

Positioned on opposite sides of the body

Question 16

What are the dorsal root ganglia?

Answer 16

Clusters of neurons outside of the spinal cord

Question 17

What is the spinal cord?

Answer 17

• Part of the central nervous system in the spinal column
• Communicates with all sensory organs and muscles, except those in the head

Question 18

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons?

Answer 18

Inside the spinal cord

Question 19

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 19

• Network of nerves that prepare organs for vigorous activity
• Sympathetic axons prepare organs for flight-or-fight

Question 20

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 20

• “rest and digest” system
• AKA craniosacral system
• Faciliatates non-emergency responses
• Opposite of sympathetic activities

Question 21

What are examples of the sympathetic nervous system versus the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 21

• Sympathetic NS incresases heart rate, while parasympathetic NS decresases heart rate
• Parasympathetic NS increases digestive activity, while sympathetic NS decreases digestive activity

Question 22

Why is the parasympathetic nervous system also referred to as the craniosacral system?

Answer 22

It contains cranial nerves and nerves from the spinal cord

Question 23

Are OTC cold medicines pro-sympathetic or anti-sympathetic?

Answer 23

• Pro-sympathetic, anti-parasympathetic
• Block parasympathetic activity and/or increase sympathetic activity

Question 24

What are the major divisions of the vertebrate brain?

Answer 24

• Hindbrain
• Midbrain
• Forebrain

Question 25

What is the **medulla**?

Answer 25

* In **hindbrain** * Enlarged extension of spinal cord

Question 26

What do cranial nerves in the **medulla** control?

Answer 26

Vital reflexes * Breathing, heart rate, vomitting, salivation, coughing, sneezing, etc.

Question 27

What is the **cerebellum**?

Answer 27

* Large **hindbrain** structure * Involved in balance and coordination, learning, language, sociability, attention, memories, etc.

Question 28

What is **substantia nigra**?

Answer 28

* **Midbrain** structure * Related to dopamine-contained pathway that facilitates readiness for movement

Question 29

What is the **thalamus**?

Answer 29

* A pair of structures in the center of the **forebrain** * Takes in sensory input, processes it, and sends otuput to **cerebral cortex**

Question 30

What is the exception to the sensory input that the **thalamus** processes and sends to the **cerebral cortex**?

Answer 30

Olfactory information

Question 31

What is the **hypothalamus**?

Answer 31

* Forebrain structure * Related to motivated behaviors * Sends messages to the **pituitary gland** and alters release of hormones * Gateway from nervous system to **endocrine system**

Question 32

What is the **basal ganglia**?

Answer 32

* Group of subcortical structures in **forebrain** * Associated with voluntary movement * Integrate motivational and emotional behavior to increase the vigor for selected actions

Question 33

What can damage to the **basal ganglia** result in?

Answer 33

Huntington's Disease or Parkinson's Disease

Question 34

What is the **hippocampus**?

Answer 34

* Large **forebrain** structure * Associated with memory

Question 35

What are **pons**?

Answer 35

* **Hindbrain** * Control facial sensation, eye rotations away from body's center, breathing, balance, etc. * Sends sound input from ears to brain

Question 36

What is the **Limbic System**?

Answer 36

* Subcortical system that contains a collection of structures involved with instinct and mood * Associated with basic emotions and drives