Chapter 3.1 (page 47)

Question 1

_____________ is the first line of resistance against microbes that acts as a physical barrier.

Answer 1

Skin (Epidermis)

Question 2

_____________ is also considered to be in the first line of defense against the entry of microbes, but not as efficient as the skin.

Answer 2

Mucus Membrane.

Question 3

_______ are found in the nose and ears to filter out microbes and dust.

Answer 3

Hairs

Question 4

_____ acts in combination with _____ to remove microbes and dust from upper respiratory tract.

Answer 4

Cilia

Mucus

Question 5

These ducts produce tears that help in washing away or diluting irritating substances that enter the eyes.

Answer 5

Lacrimal Apparatus

Question 6

This washes microbes from surface of teeth & mucous membranes of mouth.

Answer 6

Saliva

Question 7

These are methods of the body to expel microbes from body.

Answer 7

Defecation and Vomiting

Question 8

________ washes microbes from the urethra.

Answer 8

Urine

Question 9

Non-specific Resistance: Chemical Factors

Antimicrobial substance found in sweat, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, tissue fluids. This is an enzyme that can damage bacteria cell walls.

Answer 9

Lysozyme

Question 10

Non-specific Resistance: Chemical Factors

This factor discourages growth of many microbes. (pH 3-5)

Answer 10

Acid pH of Skin

Question 11

Non-specific Resistance: Chemical Factors

This destroys bacteria and most toxins in the stomach.

Answer 11

Gastric Juice

Question 12

Non-specific Resistance: Chemical Factors

This gel-like substance found in areolar connective tissue can prevent the spread of noxious agents in localized infections.

Answer 12

Hyaluronic Acid

Question 13

Non-specific Resistance: Chemical Factors

What is the antimicrobial substance found in sebum?

Answer 13

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Question 14

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

Give 2 examples of iron-binding proteins.

Answer 14

Tranferrin

Ferritin

Question 15

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

Protects uninfected host cells from viral infection, and functions to enhance phagocytosis & cell-killing.

Answer 15

** Interferons [IFN]**

Question 16

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

Used in medicine to treat Herpes, Kaposi Sarcoma, Leukemia, and Multiple Sclerosis.

Answer 16

Interferons [IFN]

Question 17

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

The complement system promotes phagocytosis by binding to microbes, and this process is called __________.

Answer 17

**Opsonisation **

Question 18

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

Inhibits bacterial growth by reducing available iron.

Answer 18

Iron-binding proteins

Question 19

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

The complement system consists of a group of about 20 normally ________________ - ________ are the primary proteins.

Answer 19

Inactive Plasma Proteins

C1-C9

Question 20

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

Becomes activated by immune complexes from the immune system [____________], by polysaccharide molecules on microbes [____________], or by the __________ from protein surface molecules on bacteria and yeast.

Answer 20

Classical Pathway

Alternative Pathway

Lectin Pathway

Question 21

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

This bridges the innate and adaptive immune responses and enables the body to produce inflammation, lyse foreign cells and enhance phagocytosis.

Answer 21

Complement System

Question 22

Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis

Natural Killer Cells do not mature in _________.

Answer 22

Thymus

Question 23

Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis

Natural killer cells release interferon and various perforins and chemicals that cause __________.

Answer 23

Cytolysis

Question 24

Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis

Identify four major areas/ parts of the body that natural killer cells are found.

Answer 24

Spleen

Lymph Nodes

Bone Marrow

Blood

Question 25

**Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Ingestion of foreign particles or cellular debris by white blood cells.

Answer 25

**Phagocytosis**

Question 26

**Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis** What are the two major types of WBC involved in Phagocytosis?

Answer 26

**Neutrophils** **Macrophages**

Question 27

**Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the chemical attraction of phagocytes to a particular location.

Answer 27

**Chemotaxis**

Question 28

**Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the attachment of the plasma membrane of a phagocyte to the surface of a microorganism. May occur easily or with difficulty. Enhanced by _________ with complement proteins.

Answer 28

**Adherence** **Opsonization**

Question 29

**Non-Specific Resistance: Phagocytosis** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when the phagocyte engulf and ingest the organism into a phagocytic vesicle. The sac fuses with lysosomes to form a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the digestive enzymes and lethal oxidants kill many types of microbes in _____ minutes.

Answer 29

**Ingestion and digestion** **Phagolysosome** **10-30**

Question 30

**Non-specific Resistance** This is a non-specific response of tissue to damage, or immune reactions.

Answer 30

**Inflammation**

Question 31

**Non-specific Resistance** Identify 3 functions of Inflammation.

Answer 31

**Serves to confine microbes Destroys microbes Initiate tissue repair**

Question 32

**Non-specific Resistance** Classic response (inflammation) includes:

Answer 32

**Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function **

Question 33

**Non-specific Resistance: Fever** A fever is regulated by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 33

**Hypothalamus**

Question 34

**Non-Specific Resistance: Fever** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be triggered by microbes toxins or WBC cytokines.

Answer 34

**Fever**

Question 35

**Non-Specific Resistance: Fever** Having a fever intensifies the effects of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 35

**Interferons [IFN]**

Question 36

**Non-Specific Resistance: ****Reticuloendothelial System** The reticuloendothelial system can be also called as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 36

**Mononuclear Phagocytic System**

Question 37

Non-Specific Resistance: Reticuloendothelial System Begin as monocytes & migrate from the blood into various tissues to become \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Their job is to digest ______ that come in contact with their cell membranes. This system is non-specific and is part of ______ immunity.

Answer 37

**Mature Tissue Phagocytes** **Antigens** **Innate**

Question 38

Non-Specific Resistance: Reticuloendothelial System **Identify the monocytic stem cells** Connective Tissue - Liver - Lungs - Nervous System - Spleen - Lymph nodes -

Answer 38

Connective Tissue - **Histiocytes** Liver - **Kupffer cells [Stellate Reticuloendothelial cells] ** Lungs - **Alveolar cells** Nervous System - **Microglial cells** Spleen - **Tissue macrophages** Lymph nodes - **Tissue macrophages**