Chapter 32: Overview of Animal Diversity

Question 1

Nutritional modes of animals and fungi similarity

Answer 1

Both rely on other organisms or organic matter for nutrients

Question 2

Nutritional modes of animal and fungi differences

Answer 2

Fungi grow on or near their food and feed by absorption but rely on enzymes to break down their food.
Animals ingest their food then enzymes digest it within their bodies

Question 3

How are most animal cells structurally supported?

Answer 3

proteins (collagen) external to the cell membrane provide support

Question 4

What two tissue types are present in most animals, and lacking in plants and fungi?

Answer 4

Muscle and Nervous tissue

Question 5

How does cleavage differ from typical mitotic cell division?

Answer 5

cleavage is rapid cell division without significant cell growth and results in smaller final cell size compared to mitosis

Question 6

Define Blastula characteristics

Answer 6

hollow ball of cells that surrounds a cavity called blastocoel.

Question 7

Define Gastrulation

Answer 7

process where one end of the embryo folds inward, expands, and eventually fills the blastocoel

Question 8

Who are the sister taxa of all animals?

Answer 8

Chanoflagellates

Question 9

Evidence that Chanoflagellates are closely related to animals.

Answer 9

1. morphological chanoflagellates and collar cells are almost indistinguishable
2. similar collar cells have been identified in other animals but have never been found in non-chanoflagellate protests
3. DNA sequence indicates this is true.

Question 10

What is the significance of the Cambrian explosion regarding current animal diversity?

Answer 10

Predator-prey relationships emerged, increased atmospheric oxygen, and changes in development.

Question 11

What kind of symmetry do most animals exhibit?

Answer 11

Bilateral symmetry (two-sided) that has a mouth at one end and the anus at the other.

Question 12

Types of symmetry besides bilateral

Answer 12

Radial- symmetrical animal are arranged around. single main axis
Asymmetric- absence of symmetry

Question 13

What do each of the three embryonic germ layers give rise to in most animals?

Answer 13

-Ectoderm- gives rise to the outer covering of the animal
-Endoderm- gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract
-Mesoderm- fills the space between the ectoderm and endoderm

Question 14

What germ layer lacks in diploblastic animals

Answer 14

mesoderm

Question 15

Coelem

Answer 15

body cavity that forms from tissue derived from mesoderm

Question 16

hemocoelom

Answer 16

body cavity lined by tissue derived by mesoderm and endoderm

Question 17

Compact body cavity

Answer 17

lack a body cavity between the digestive cavity and outer body wall

Question 18

Protostome cleavage development

Answer 18

-clevage- spiral and determinate
-coelom formation- solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
-blastopore fate- mouth develops from blastipore

Question 19

Deutersotome cleavage development

Answer 19

-Clevage- radial and indeterminate
-coelom formation- folds of archenteron form coelom
-Blastophore fate- Anus develops from blastophore

Question 20

What is the major characteristic that separates the phylum porifera from the clade Eumetazoa?

Answer 20

Eumetazoa has tissues where Porifera does not

Question 21

What two characteristics separate Bilateria from non-bilaterian eumetazoans?

Answer 21

Bilatera have bilateral symmetry and three germ layers where as non-bilaterians have radial symmetry and only two germ layers

Question 22

Name two animal phyla that belong to the clade Deutersotomia

Answer 22

Echinodermata-
Chordata-

Question 23

What is the distinguishing feature that sets sponges apart from all other metazoans?

Answer 23

They lack true tissues and organ

Question 24

What roles to choanocytes and amoebocytes play in feeding and nutrition in poriferans?

Answer 24

Choanocytes are the primary feeding cells which capture food particles and initiate digestion, while amebocytes distribute mutrients from choanocytes to other cells within the sponge

Question 25

What property of amoebocytes is quite rare among most cells in the animal kingdom?

Answer 25

They can transform into different types of cells

Question 26

Name the two components that make up the skeletal structure of a sponge

Answer 26

Spicules and Spongin

Question 27

Spicules

Answer 27

Sharp skeletal fibers

Question 28

Spongin

Answer 28

flexible fibers that gives sponges its shape

Question 29

How do sponges reproduce sexually?

Answer 29

each individual functions as both male and female by producing sperm and eggs

Question 30

What prevents sponges from self-fertilizing?

Answer 30

They produce sperm and eggs at different times which temporarily separates gamete production

Question 31

What basal taxa are Cnidarians apart of?

Answer 31

Eumetazoa

Question 32

What two features set cnidarians apart from the bilaterians?

Answer 32

- two germ layers - Radial symmetry

Question 33

What are the two basic body plans of Cnidarians?

Answer 33

- Polyp (sedentary) - Medusa (free floating)

Question 34

Which body plan is related to anthozoans?

Answer 34

Polyp

Question 35

What role do tentacles play in feeding?

Answer 35

They are used to capture prey and push food into their gastrovascular cavity.

Question 36

What cells aid in feeding with tentacles

Answer 36

Cnidocytes (stinging cells)

Question 37

What clade of Cnidarians do Jellyfish and Box jellies belong to?

Answer 37

Medusazoa

Question 38

What is the criterion for the classification of the clade lophotrochozoa?

Answer 38

bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic

Question 39

What anatomical and developmental characteristics of some, but not all, lophotrochozoans provide the basis for the name of the clade?

Answer 39

- Lophophore- crow of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding - Trochophore larva stage

Question 40

How does a planarian’s (e.g., Dugesia) body shape enable it to remain active without a respiratory or circulatory system?

Answer 40

Planarians are flat and their skin allows for gas exchange

Question 41

What word is used to describe the digestive tract of non-parasitic flatworms, such as planarians

Answer 41

Gastrovascular cavity that distributes food directly to the animals cell.

Question 42

Among trematodes, how does the mode of reproduction differ between their time in the primary host versus the intermediate host?

Answer 42

Primary host- sexually intermediate host- asexually

Question 43

How do tapeworms acquire nutrients without a mouth or digestive tract?

Answer 43

They absorb nutrients across their skin and use hooks to attach itself to the intestinal lining.

Question 44

What are the three main body parts of a mollusc?

Answer 44

- muscular foot used for movement - visceral mass houses the internal organs - mantle tissue that creates a shell if necessary

Question 45

What clades of mullosca have a radual?

Answer 45

Gastropoda, Cephalopoda and polyplacophora all have a radual

Question 46

How are cephalopods different than other mollosca?

Answer 46

They are the only ones with a closed circulatory system, and have well developed organs and a complex brain

Question 47

How do most bivalves feed?

Answer 47

Most are filter feeders

Question 48

What are the two most common functions of the parapodia that are found on many errantian worms?

Answer 48

locomotion and function as gills

Question 49

What clade within Annelida are leeches and earthworms currently classified?

Answer 49

Clade clitellata

Question 50

How do leeches feed without the host noticing, and why doesn’t the feeding site clot?

Answer 50

have blade like jaws that stick to the host skin and secretes an anesthetic so host doesn't feel it

Question 51

What is the function of chaetae in earthworms?

Answer 51

aid in locomotion in soil

Question 52

What life history trait of many of its members gives the clade Ecdysozoa its name?

Answer 52

ecdysis- meaning most members of the clade molt its skin

Question 53

What body cavity do nematodes flatworms and segmented worms have?

Answer 53

Nematodes- hemocoelom Flatworms- acoelom Segmented worms- coelom

Question 54

How do parasitic nematodes, such as Trichinella make the environment within their host more hospitable?

Answer 54

They inject their plant host with molecules that induce the development of root cells which then supply nutrients to the parasites

Question 55

What anatomical characteristic of most arthropods reflect the origin of the name of the clade?

Answer 55

their segmented body, hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages

Question 56

What is hypothesized to be the original functions or advantages of arthropod exoskeletons?

Answer 56

protection and anchorage for muscles

Question 57

How did arthropods exoskeleton contribute to the colonization of land?

Answer 57

provided against desiccation and UV radiation

Question 58

What are the namesake appendages of chelicerates typically used for?

Answer 58

claw like appendages that serve as pincers or fangs

Question 59

What are the primary gas exchange structures of most chelicerates?

Answer 59

book lungs- plate like structures in an internal chamber

Question 60

What is the most distinct anatomical difference between centipedes and millipedes

Answer 60

centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment where as millipedes have two

Question 61

Why is crustacea now considered to be paraphyletic?

Answer 61

they are more closely related to myriapods.

Question 62

What is the name of the clade that includes crustaceans plus their nearest relatives?

Answer 62

Pancrustacea

Question 63

What clade are insects in?

Answer 63

Hexapoda

Question 64

What are the three main body regions of most crustaceans and insects?

Answer 64

Head, Thorax and post-genital tail

Question 65

What group of organisms are credited with supporting the diversification of insects?

Answer 65

Flowering plants in the mid-cretaceous period

Question 66

What are the immature forms of an insect species that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis typically called?

Answer 66

nymphs

Question 67

What developmental form of insect species under go complete metamorhosis?

Answer 67

larval stage

Question 68

How is the evolution of insect wings fundamentally different from anatomical origins of vertebrate wings?

Answer 68

Insects evolved their wings as novel structures from outgrowths where as vertebrates had pre-existing limb strucutres.

Question 69

what other animal phyla make up the clade Deuterostomia?

Answer 69

Chordates

Question 70

What is the namesake feature of most echinoderms?

Answer 70

Echin- spiny Derma- skin

Question 71

What symmetry do adult echinoderms have?

Answer 71

Bilateral symmetry

Question 72

Why are echinoderms included in the clade bilateral?

Answer 72

they have bilateral symmetry

Question 73

What are the two main functions of the water vascular system of echinoderms?

Answer 73

locomotion and feeding

Question 74

What are the four derived traits shared by all chordates at some point in their lives?

Answer 74

Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and post-anal tail

Question 75

In what two ways does the nerve cord of chordates differ from the nerve cord of other animals?

Answer 75

- most chordates have a solid nerve cord(spine) - embryo develops into the CNS

Question 76

What are pharyngeal slits used for by invertebrate chordates

Answer 76

aid in filter-feeding

Question 77

Which invertebrate chordate clade is most closely related to vertebrates?

Answer 77

Urochordata

Question 78

Describe three derived traits of vertebrates that separate them from their nearest chordate relatives.

Answer 78

-vertebrae possess two or more sets of Hox genes -vertebrate nervous system -neural crest

Question 79

What structures do neural crest cells give rise to in adult vertebrates?

Answer 79

pigmented cells in the skin, parts of the skill, teeth, adrenal glands and PNS

Question 80

What is the unique anatomical feature that sets the cyclostomes apart from other extant vertebrate lineages?

Answer 80

They are jawless fishes

Question 81

How do the feeding habits of hagfish and lamprey vary?

Answer 81

Hagfish are scavengers feeding on dead things where as lamprey are parasitic feeders on other animals

Question 82

From what anatomical feature of jawless fishes did vertebrate jaws arise?

Answer 82

Pharyngeal slits

Question 83

What does the lateral line system provide to the aquatic gnathostomes?

Answer 83

gives the animals the ability to detect movement, vibration, and pressure in its surrounding area

Question 84

What anatomical feature of chondrichthyan fish distinguish them from most other fish?

Answer 84

has a skeleton primarily composed of cartalige

Question 85

What are the two explanations for why most sharks and swim more or less continuously?

Answer 85

continuous swimming ensures continuous water flow through the sharks mouth allowing gas exchange and it stabilizes the shark

Question 86

How do sharks and their relatives ventilate (move water over) their gills when ”resting” on the seafloor bottom.

Answer 86

they use their muscles of their jaws and pharynx

Question 87

What is the derived trait that separates members of the clade Osteichthyes from other gnathostomes?

Answer 87

bony endoskeleton with calcium phosphate

Question 88

What unique anatomical trait of osteichthyan fish is used to ventilate their gills?

Answer 88

Operculum- protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills

Question 89

What is the function of a swim bladder in an actinopterygian fish?

Answer 89

Help maintain buoyancy equal to the surrounding water by filling an air sac

Question 90

Which appeared first during osteichthyan evolution, swim bladders or lungs?

Answer 90

Lungs because swim bladders evolved from them

Question 91

What anatomical feature separates the actinopterygian fish from the sarcopterygian fish?

Answer 91

Fin structures

Question 92

What are the clade names and common names of the two extant lineages of sarcopterygian fish?

Answer 92

sctinistia (coeliacanth) and dipnoi (lung fish)

Question 93

What other traits separate tetrapods from their osteichthyan relatives?

Answer 93

lungs, loss of bladder, and modification of vertebral column

Question 94

What clade of extant fish share the most recent ancestor with the tetrapods?

Answer 94

Lungfish

Question 95

In what type of environment did tetrapod-like fish and the first tetrapods most likely evolve?

Answer 95

shallow, oxygen poor water most likely costal wetlands

Question 96

What are the two main reasons that most amphibians still live in or near water or in damp environments?

Answer 96

early Larval stages live in water and have sensitive skin that requires moisture that allows gas exchanges

Question 97

What are the functions of the four extraembryonic membranes of the amniote egg?

Answer 97

Amnion-houses metabolic waste Chorion- allows gas exchange between embryo and air Yolk sac-stores nutrients for embryo Allantois- protects embryo in fluid filled cavity

Question 98

What extant reptilian lineage is most closely related to birds?

Answer 98

crocodiles

Question 99

What are the proper terms used to describe how an animal regulates body temperature?

Answer 99

Endothermic- ability to maintain body temperature through metabolic activity Ectothermic- external source provides heat for temperature regulation

Question 100

Who are the extant members of the archosaurian lineage?

Answer 100

crocodiles and birds

Question 101

Who are extant members of the lepidosaurian lineage?

Answer 101

tuataras, lizards and snakes

Question 102

In what way are bird feathers similar to reptilian scales?

Answer 102

both composed of keratins, and protect the skin from desiccation and abrasion

Question 103

What other adaptations to flight have evolved in modern birds?

Answer 103

enchanted scavenging, provides escape from predators, allows migration

Question 104

Describe two derived traits of mammals that distinguish them from other amniotes?

Answer 104

mammary glands, and hair/fur

Question 105

What traits distinguish monotremes from other mammals?

Answer 105

egg- laying and residence of cloaca

Question 106

What traits distinguish marsupials from eutherian mammals?

Answer 106

marsupials have a pouch and Eutherians develop a fetus in the others womb