Chapter 34/53 - Quiz 9 Flashcards by Robert Barker

Almost all bilaterian animals belong to either…

Protostomes or deuterostomes

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In protostomes the mouth developes from or near the…

Blastopore

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In deuterostomes the blastopore gives rise to the_____ and the _____ developes in other ways

Anus, mouth

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Spiralians develop as embryos using…

Spiral cleavage

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The two clades of spiralians are…

Platyzoans and lophotrochozoans

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Animals that have a simple body with no circulatory or respiratory system but complex reproductive system

Phylum platyhelminthes (flat worms)

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The Ecdysozoa contains the…

Arthropods

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Arthropods contain…

More species than any other phylum

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Protostomes are divided into…

Spiralians, characterized by spiral cleavage and ecdysozoans

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Reproductive systems of flatworms is best described as…

Hermaphroditic (have male and female)

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Schistosomes live in the ____ and produce _____ eggs per day

Intestines, 300-3000

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Rotifers are considered to be…

Pseudocoelomates

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Rotifers contain…

Three cell layers, internal organs, and a complete gut

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Mollusks contain…

Snails, slugs, clams, scallops, oysters, cuttelfish, octopuses, and many others

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In a mllusk, the _____ is a thick epidermal sheet that covers the dorsal side of the body

Mantle

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Mollusks have respiratory gills called….

Ctenidia

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Water passes through the _____ carrying oxygen and carbon monoxide away

Mantle

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Mollusks can extract _____ or more of the oxygen that passes through the mantle

50%

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4 characteristics of mollisks are…

Muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle, and caphalization

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mollusks use the _____ , a tonguelike structure for feeding

radula

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The four most notable classes of mollusks are….

Polyplacophora - Chitons
Gastropoda - Slugs, Snails
Bivalvia - Clams, Oysters
Cephalopoda - Squids, octupus

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Cephalopods are the only class of mollusk that…

have a circulatory system

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mollusks have a reduced…

coelom

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in Annelids, the digestive tract, from mouth to anus, goes through the…

septa

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In annelids each portion of the digestive tract is...

specialized for a different function.

Annelids digestive systems consist of...

Phatynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine

Annelida are characterized by...

Segmented body, coelom, Setae, Complete digestive system, and closed circulatory system

Currently Annelids are classified into the classes...

Polychaeta and Clitellata

Examples of Annelids are...

Marine worms, Terrestrial worms, and leeches.

Polychaetes include...

clamworms, sealeworms, lugworms, sea mice, tubeworms, and many others

Earthworms and Leeches (Clitellata) are united by...

a thickened band on the body, like the saddle on an earthworm

Annelids generally exhibit...

segmentation

Each segment of Annelids have their own...

excretory and locomotor elements

nematodes lack a...

respiratory system

nematodes exchange oxygen and carbon through their...

cuticles

nemtode symmetry can be described as...

bilaterally symmetrical

Arthropods have four recognized extant classes. What are they?

Chelicerates, crustaceans, hexapods, and myriapods

Arthropods have an extinct class called...

trilobites

Arthropod success can be attributed to...

body segmentation, the exoskeleton

In some arthropods, body segments are specialized into groups called...

tagmata

in arthropods, the head and thorax fuse to form the cephalothorax, or...

prosoma

Arthropoda of Ecdysozoa can be described as...

The most diverse lineage, metamorphosis common, compound eyes, antennae

Arthropoda have...

a segmented body, exoskeleton composed of chitin, and jointed appendages

Lineages in Arthropoda consist of...

Myriopoda, insecta, chelicerata, and crustacean

Architecture in Animals can be characterized by...

number if tissue layers in an embryo, symmetry, nervous system, body cavity, and dev patterns

Protostomes...

means mouth first before anus

Deuterostomes...

means anus first before mouth (mouth second)

Almost all animals are...

protostomes

Protostomes consist of...

Platyzoa and Lophotrochozoa

Platyhelminthes are characterized by...

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic flatworms, cephalization

Trematoda are...

all parasites and include liver fluke and blood flukes (schistosoma)

Rotifers are...

Microscopic filter feeders

cleavage is...

the rapid division of the zygote into a larger and larger number of smaller and smaller cells

regulative development is when...

early blastomeres do not appear to be committed to a particular fate

bastula is a...

hollow ball of cells

Gastrulation...

forms the three primary germ layers and converts the blastula into a bilaterally symmetrical embryo

Gastrulation also...

the three primary germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

In mammals, the placenta...

has made yolk dispensable

the embryo obtains nutrients from its mother...

following implantation into the uterine wall

The amnion is the...

inner membrane that surrounds the embryo and suspends it in amniotic fluid

Gastrulation involves cell rearrangement and migration to produce...

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

In sea urchins, endoderm forms by invagination of the...

blastula

organogenesis is...

the formation of the organs in their proper locations

organogenesis follows rapidly on the heels of gastrulation, and in many animals begins...

before gastrulation is complete

The process of organogenesis in vertebrates begins with the formation of...

the notochord and the hollow dorsal nerve cord

The notochord forms from

mesoderm

The notochord is visible...

first visible soon after gastrulation is complete

The notochord is...

a flexible rod located along the dorsal midline in the embryos of all chordates

Cranial neural crest cells contribute significantly to...

development of | skeletal and connective tissues of the face and skull, nervous system, and pigment cells

Somitogenesis is the division of...

mesoderm into somites

The evolution of the _____ _____ led to the appearance of many vertebrate-specific adaptations.

neural crest

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—are referred to as...

primary inductions

Inductions between tissues that have already been specified to develop along a particular developmental pathway are called...

secondary inductions

Primary inductions between germ layers lead to development of...

the vertebrate nervous system

secondary inductions result in formation of structures such as...

the lens of the eye

The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst digest their way into the endometrial lining of the uterus in the process known as...

implantation

Organogenesis begins during the fourth week and...

eyes form. | tubular heart develops its four chambers and starts to pulsate rhythmically

Organogenesis continues during the second month and...

limbs assume shapes. The arms, legs, knees, elbows, fingers, and toes can all be seen—as well as a short bony tail

The third trimester is predominantly a period of...

growth and maturation of organs

high levels of _____ stimulate the development of the mammary alveoli

progesterone

high levels of _____ stimulate the development of the alveolar ducts

estradiol