Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro Bio > Chapter 34-Vertebrates > Flashcards

Chapter 34-Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

notochord

A
  • one of 4 key characters of chordates, present in all chordate embryos and some adults
  • a longitudinal, flexible rod located b/w the digestive tube and the nerve cord
  • composed of large, fluid-filled cells encased in fairly stiff, fibrous tissue
  • provides skeletal support throughout most of length of chordate
  • replaced by backbone in some chordates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pharyngeal clefts/slits

A
  • one of 4 key characters of chordates, present in all chordate embryos
  • series of pouches separated by grooves (clefts) that forms along the sides of the pharynx
  • in most chordates, clefts develop into slits that open to the outside of the body, allowing water entering the mouth to exit the body w/o passing through the entire digestive tract
  • function as suspension-feeding devices in many invertebrate chordates
  • in vertebrates (except tetrapods) slits have been modified for gas exchange and are called gill slits
  • in tetrapods, clefts do not develop into slits, but play a role in the development of parts of the ear, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

lancelets

A
  • cephalochordates
  • most basal group of living chordates
  • following metamorphosis, adult wiggles backward into the sand, leaving only anterior end exposed
  • cilia draw sea water into mouth to extract food particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

tunicates

A
  • once settled on a substrate, it undergoes a radial metamorphosis in which many of chordate characteristics disappear
  • as an adult, tunicate draws in water through an incurrent siphon; water passes through pharyngeal gill slits into chamber called the atrium and exits through an excurrent siphon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

neural crest

A
  • unique to craniates
  • a collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo
  • migrate and give rise to several structures, including teeth, parts of skull, dermis of facial region, PNS, and sensory capsules in which eyes and other sense organs develop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

craniates

A
  • chordates with a head (brain at anterior end of dorsal nerve cord, eyes and other sensory organs, and a skull)
  • have 2+ sets of Hox genes
  • high metabolic rate
  • extensive muscular system
  • heart w/ at least 2 chambers
  • red blood cells w/ hemoglobin
  • kidneys that remove waste products from the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

conodonts

A
  • slender, soft-bodied vertebrates w/ prominent eyes controlled by numerous muscles
  • set of barbed hooks at anterior end of mouth are made of dental tissues that were mineralized
  • 1st bone
  • “cone teeth”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lampreys

A
  • most basal lineage of living vertebrates
  • most are parasites that feed by clamping round, jawless mouth onto flank of live fish and penetrating fish w/ tongue to ingest its blood
  • has cartilaginous segments surrounding notochord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

gnathostomes

A
  • jawed vertebrates
  • includes sharks, ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
  • jaws evolved by modification of the skeletal rods that had previously supported the pharyngeal slits
  • duplicated genome
  • enlarged forebrain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lateral line system

A
  • characteristic of aquatic gnathostomes

- organs that form a row along each side of the body and are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

placoderms

A

extinct lineages of armored vertebrates that were some of earliest gnathostomes on fossil record

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

acanthodians

A

extinct lineages of gnathostomes that emerged around the same time as placoderms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chondrichthyans

A
  • class of fish that includes sharks, skates, & rays
  • skeleton composed primarily of cartilage
  • “cartilaginous fish”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

oviparous

A

female lays eggs and encases them in protective coats before releasing them to hatch externally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ovoviviparous

A
  • female retains eggs internally in the oviduct

- nourished by the yolk, the embryos develop into young that are born after hatching w/n the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

viviparous

A

young develop in the uterus and obtain nourishment prior to birth by receiving nutrients from the mother’s blood through a yolk sac placenta, by absorbing a nutritious fluid produced by the uterus, or by eating other eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cloaca

A

a common chamber where the execratory system, digestive tract, and reproductive tract empty via a single external opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

osteichthyans

A
  • vast majority of vertebrates
  • have an ossified endoskeleton with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate
  • “bony fish”
  • includes bony fishes and tetrapods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

operculum

A

protective bony flap that covers chambers of gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

swim bladder

A
  • air sac fishes use to control their buoyancy

- movement of gases from the blood to the swim bladder increases buoyancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ray-finned fishes

A
  • class actinopterygii
  • named for bony rays that support their fins
  • includes nearly all aquatic osteichthyans familiar to us
22
Q

lobe-finned fishes

A

rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle in pectoral and pelvic fins

23
Q

lung fish

A
  • type of lobe-finned fishes
  • 3 types: i) lives in stagnant water, cannot leave; ii) can “walk” to other bodies of water; iii) liver in river beds that dry up, mucus cocoon
24
Q

tetrapods

A
  • gnathostomes that have limbs
  • in place of pectoral and pelvic fins, have limbs w/ digits
  • neck
25
Q

amphibians

A
  • includes salamanders, frogs, and caecilians
  • more fossils than alive today
  • breathe through moist skin (but have lungs)
  • first 3 chambered heart (2 atria/1 ventricle)
  • external fertilization needs water
  • ectothermic
26
Q

amniotes

A
  • group of tetrapods including reptiles and mammals (land dwellers)
  • amniotic egg: doesn’t need water
  • rib cage-based ventilation
27
Q

amniotic egg

A
  • contains 4 specialized membranes (extraembryonic membranes): amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois
  • desiccation proof
28
Q

amnion

A

extraembryonic membrane that encloses a compartment of fluid that bathes the embryo (keeps it moist) and acts as a hydraulic shock absorber

29
Q

chorion

A

extraembryonic membrane that functions in gas exchange

30
Q

yolk sac

A

extraembryonic membrane that contains a stockpile of nutrients

31
Q

allantois

A

extraembryonic membrane that functions as a disposal sac for wastes and with the chorion in gas exchange

32
Q

reptile

A
  • clade that includes tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodilians
  • have scales w/ keratin
  • internal fertilization
  • ectothermic
  • advanced limbs over amphibians
  • 1st 4-chambered heart seen in crocodilians
33
Q

ectothermic

A

“cold-blooded”

34
Q

endothermic

A

“warm-blooded”

35
Q

tuatara

A
  • “living fossil”

- light-detecting organ on top of head

36
Q

archosaurs

A

lineage that produced crocodilians and birds

37
Q

mammals

A
  • amniotes w/ hair and milk
  • came from synapsids
  • tooth differentiation
  • 3 ear bones
  • sweat glands
38
Q

monotremes

A
  • primitive mammals that lay eggs
  • includes platypus and ant eaters
  • no nipples (sweat gland-type mammaries)
39
Q

placenta

A

structure in which nutrients diffuse into the embryo from the mother’s blood

40
Q

eutherians

A
  • placental animals (placentas are more complex than those of marsupials)
  • longer pregnancy
  • embryonic development completed in uterus
41
Q

anthropoids

A

one of 3 major groups of living primates that includes monkeys and apes

42
Q

primates

A

mammalian order that includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes

43
Q

prosemians

A

primate grouping including lemurs, tarsiers, lorises, pottos, etc

44
Q

new world monkey

A
  • South and Central America
  • prehensile tail
  • open & up snout
45
Q

old world monkey

A
  • Asia and Africa
  • no prehensile tail (some no tail)
  • more down snout (like us)
46
Q

great apes

A
  • includes gibbons, orangutans, bonobos, gorillas, chimps, and humans
  • today, nonhuman apes found exclusively in tropical regions of the old world
  • larger brain in proportion to body size
  • more flexible behavior
47
Q

Hominidae

A
  • human family

- just humans

48
Q

hominoids

A

-non-taxonomic term for apes and humans

49
Q

hominins

A

fossils on line to us

50
Q

Homo habilis

A
  • 1st evidence of tools
  • cranial capacity ~1000-1200 bc
  • 1.5 - 2.4 million years ago
51
Q

Homo erectus

A
  • 1st of hominins to leave Africa
  • had fire
  • 1st ancestor to fight w/ each other
  • cranial capacity ~750 bc
  • 1.8 - .3 million years ago
52
Q

Homo neaderthalensis

A
  • not related to us
  • lived in groups
  • took care of injured
  • 1st to bury dead
  • .4 - .1 million years ago

Intro Bio (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions