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Biology 223 > Chapter 35 - 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 - 1 Flashcards

Plant Hierarchical Organization

1
Q

What is the Hierarchical Organization of Plants?

A

Organism, Organ Systems, Organs, Tissues, and Cells.

Olivia ate Oranges in Oregon at Tillamook by the Coast.

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic plant organs?

A

Roots, Shoot, and Leaves.

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3
Q

How are the 3 basic plant organs organized into systems?

A

Organized into 2 systems. Root System and Stem System.

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4
Q

What does the Root system do?

A

Draws minerals and water from the soil

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5
Q

What are the functions and differential structures of the Leaf system.

A

Absorbs light and CO2.

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6
Q

What does the Stem system transport?

A

Transport nutrients.

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7
Q

What are the 2 organ systems that the 3 main organs are divided into?

A

Root system: Roots
Shoot system: Stems and leaves

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8
Q

What are Angiosperms?

A

Flowering plants.

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9
Q

What are the functions of Roots?

A

-Anchor vascular plant to soil
-Absorb minerals and H2O
-Stores Carbohydrates

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10
Q

What is a Primary root?

A

First root that emerges from a seed when it germinates.

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11
Q

What are the branches off of the Primary root called?

A

Lateral roots.

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12
Q

What are the branches off of the lateral roots called?

A

Root hairs

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13
Q

What is increased for greater absorption with all of the roots?

A

Surface area.

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14
Q

Where is the majority of absorption performed?

A

Mostly from the root hairs.

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15
Q

What does the Primary root give rise to?

A

The tap root.

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16
Q

What is the tap root?

A

The primary root of the vascular system. It provides stability, carbohydrate storage, and more access to sunlight.

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17
Q

What are buttress roots?

A

Aerial roots (not in the soil) in tropical plants that provide support. Funky tree stems.

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18
Q

What are prop roots?

A

Are aerial roots. Arise from stem. Roots that support top heavy plants. Prop up the plant.

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19
Q

What are storage roots?

A

Storage roots store Carbohydrates and H2O. Like seen in carrots and raddishes.

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20
Q

What are Pneumatophores?

A

Air roots, root projections above the surface of tidal water. Allows for Oxygen absorption. Example is Mangrove.

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21
Q

What are “Strangling” aerial roots?

A

Plants that germinate on trees that grow down to soil and kill host tree.

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22
Q

What do stems provide for plants?

A

Connection, produce leaves and buds, orient leaves for photosynthesis, and raise reproduction structures (seed dispersal).

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23
Q

What are the 2 subunits that stems are composed of?

A

Nodes and Internodes.

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24
Q

What are nodes?

A

The point where the leaves attach.

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25
Q

What are internodes?

A

The segment between nodes on the stem.

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26
Q

What function do nodes play?

A

Growth function.

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27
Q

What function do internodes play?

A

The lengthening function.

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28
Q

Where does growth come from in plants?

A

Buds.

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of buds?

A

Apical and Axillary.

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30
Q

What is the Apical bud?

A

Where the majority of growth comes from. The tip of the stem.

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31
Q

What is an Axillary bud?

A

The crotch between the leaf and stem. Can form lateral branch, thorn, or flower.

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32
Q

What are the 3 major varieties of stems?

A

Rhizomes, Stolons, and Tubers.

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33
Q

What are Rhizomes?

A

Horizontal subterranean shoots that produce new vertical shoots. Essential for reproduction and multiple plat growths.

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34
Q

What are Stolons?

A

Horizontal surface shoots for asexual reproduction. Above ground connectors, like on strawberries.

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35
Q

What are Tubers?

A

Enlarged rhizomes specialized for storing food and plant regrowth. Their eyes are axillary buds. An example is a potato.

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36
Q

What are primary functions of leaves?

A

Photosynthesis, Gas Exchange, Heat dissipation, Herbivore and Pathogen defense.

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37
Q

Composed of what 2 units?

A

The blade and the petiole.

38
Q

What is the blade of a leave?

A

The leaf body, flat part.

39
Q

What is the petiole?

A

The stalk part.

40
Q

What are the veins of leaves?

A

The vascular tissue. Important for delivering nutrients.

41
Q

What are the 2 main types of angiosperms in plants?

A

Monocotts and Eudicots.

42
Q

What are monocots?

A

Flowering plant with 1 seed leaf. Have parallel veins.

43
Q

What are eudicots?

A

Floering plants with 2 leaves. Have branched veins.

44
Q

What are the 2 leaf morphologies?

A

Simple leaf and Compound leaf.

45
Q

What is a simple leaf?

A

1 undivided blade.

46
Q

What is a compound leaf structure?

A

Multiple leaflets branching off of petiole. Do not have axillary buds.

47
Q

What is the significance of compound leaves?

A

Breaks up the blades. Allows stronger wind forces, better defense against pathogens.

48
Q

What is the gene that drives how much compound in a leaf called?

A

The KNOTTED-1 gene. Over expression of this gene leads to super compound leaves with tiny blades.

49
Q

What are the 4 functional leaf varieties?

A

Tendrils, Spines, Storage Leaves and Reproduction Leaves.

50
Q

What are tendrils?

A

Modified leaves that lasso or tether a plant to a support system like a fence or other plant. Bean plant.

51
Q

What are spines?

A

Cactus spines are leaves too. Allow for protection from predators. Photosynthesis occurs here.

52
Q

What are storage leaves?

A

Bulbs have a short underground stem with leaves that store nutrients. Examples are tulips and onions

53
Q

What are Reproductive leaves?

A

Little baby plants that can reproduce once they fall off parent plants. Found in succulents and water based plants like aloe vera.

54
Q

All plants organs are composed of 3 types of tissues. What are thye?

A

Dermal tissues, Vascular tissues, and Ground tissues.

55
Q

How do these 3 tissues work together?

A

They all form one continuous tissue system throughout all organs of a plant.

56
Q

What is the dermal tissue’s function?

A

Outer layer. First defense for physical damage, herbivores, droughts, and pathogens. Aids in absorption of water and CO2

57
Q

What is the vascular tissue’s function?

A

Innermost layer. Mechanical support. Long-distance transport of materials through the plant.

58
Q

What is the ground tissue?

A

The middle layer. All tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular. Provides support, regeneration, storage, short-distance transport, and some photosynthesis.

59
Q

What does the dermal tissue consist of?

A

-Epidermis. The epidermis is tightly packed surface cells. It allows for water absorption at roots and gas exchange on shoots. Has different adaptations, trichome cells in desert species reduce water loss, reflect light, and deter parasites.
-Cuticle. Wax covering on the epidermis that prevents water loss.

60
Q

What are 2 the varieties of the vascular tissue?

A

Xylem and Pholem.

61
Q

What are the 2 types of ground tissue?

A

Pith and Cortex.

62
Q

What is the function of Xylem?

A

Conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to shoots.

63
Q

What is the function of the Pholem?

A

Transports sugars and photosynthesis products from the source (usually leaves) where they need to go. Usually down.

64
Q

What is the stele?

A

The vascular system of the root.

65
Q

Where is Pith ground tissue?

A

Internal to vascular tissue.

66
Q

Where is Cortex ground tissue?

A

External to vascular tissue.

67
Q

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having DNA located in a ___________.

A

Nucleus.

68
Q

The nucleus contains most of the cells __________.

A

DNA.

69
Q

The __________ encloses the nucleus and thus separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm.

A

Nuclear envelope.

70
Q

Ribosomes are particles made of _________ (rRNA) and __________.

A

Ribosomal RNA and Proteins.

71
Q

Ribosomes carry out ___________ synthesis in two locations. In the ______________ (free ribosomes) and on the outside of the _____________ (bound ribosomes).

A

Protein
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum

72
Q

The _____________________ system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic function in the cell.

A

Endomembrane

73
Q

What organelles are in the endovascular system?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vesicles
Nuclear Envelope

74
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The Rough ER. Has bound ribosomes which create protein.
The Smooth ER. Synthesizes Carbohydrates and detoxifies poisons.

75
Q

What does the central vacuole regulate?

A

The makeup of the cytoplasm and stores things.

76
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Packages products of the ER. Sorts and packages material into transport vacuoles.

77
Q

Lysosomes (the stomachs) contain ________ for _________.

A

Enzymes for Digestion

78
Q

______________ are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that generates ______ from sugars.

A

Mitochondria
ATP

79
Q

______________ are the sites of photosynthesis for sugar production.

A

Chloroplasts

80
Q

The ____________ is a network of fibers that organize structures and activities in the cell.

A

The cytoskeleton.

81
Q

The ____________ is a liquid bilayer that regulates interaction with the external environment.

A

Plasma Membrane.

82
Q

The _____________ is a celluloytic layer that protects and provides structures to the cell.

A

Cell wall.

83
Q

What do plant cells have that humans do not?

A

1- Cell Wall
2- Chloroplasts
3- Central Vacuole

84
Q

What are the 5 basic cell types in plants?

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Water conducting cells of the Xylem, and Sugar containing cells in the Pholem.

85
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

Alive at functional maturity, thin primary cell walls, have large central vacuole, perform most metabolic functions. Example: Photosynthesis in the Chloroplasts.
They store starch
Mostly unspecialized
Can proliferate and differentiate

86
Q

What is the Collenchyma?

A

Alive at functional maturity, grouped in strands, thicker primary cell walls, provide support, found in epidermis in high concentrations for young plants.
Provide flexible support without limiting growth.

87
Q

What is Sclerenchyma?

A

Alive or dead at functional maturity.
Very rigid support cells. More rigid than collenchyma. have secondary cell wall
Very thick cell wall with lignin. Indigestible strengthening polymer.
Found in high concentrations in non-growing tissues.
2 types
Sclerids: boxier irregular shapes like nut shells and pear grit
Fibers: Grouped in strands like in hemp.

88
Q

What are water conducting cells of the Xylem?

A

Dead at functional maturity.
Form tubular elongated cells. Remaining thickened cell wall creates a conduit. Contains pits: thin regions of the cell wall that water can mitigate through.
Found in the Xylem (vascular tissue)
2 Types
Tracheids: Long, thin, tapered with many pits
Vessel elements: Wider, shorter, organized end of end forming pipes called vessels

89
Q

What are sugar containing cells in the Phloem?

A

Alive at functional maturity.
Sieve tube elements. Organelle devoid cells creating sieve tubes. These transport sugar through the phloem. Joined by sieve plates: cell ends with pores that sugars pass through.
Have a companion cell that supports cells with full complement of organelles. Maintain themselves as well as the sieve-tube elements

90
Q

Compare and contrast the nucleus and ribosomes.

A

Nucleus
-structure: membrane bound organelle containing DNA surrounded by nuclear envelope
-function: houses genetic material (DNA) controls cell activities and coordinates cell reproduction

Ribosomes
-structure: composed of RNA and proteins either in the free-floating cytoplasm or the ER
-function: synthesize proteins by translating genetic info from mRNA into polypeptide chains

Both
-Essential for cell function
-Associated with membranes
-Involved with genetic processes

91
Q

Compare and contrast collenychma and sclerenchyma.

A

Collenchyma
-unevenly thick cell walls
-alive at maturity
-provide flexible support for plant

Sclerenchyma
-Extremely thick, lignified walls that make the rigid
-dead at maturity
-offer rigid structural support and protection

Both
-Provide support
-Thick cell walls (even though different hardness and composition)
-Both derive from meristemetic tissue

92
Q

Compare and contrast the cells of sugar-conducting pholem and the water-conducting xylem.

A

Phloem
-Transports nutrients from photosynthesis crucial for plant growth
-Consists of sieve tube elements and companions cells providing support and metabolic functions
-Transports nutrients bidirectionally (up and down)

Xylem
-Transports water and minerals from soil providing structural support
-Contains tracheids and vessel elements in angiosperms and just tracheids in gynosperms (for water transport and structural support)
-Transports water and minerals unidirectionally (only from roots to the aerial parts UP)

Both
-Vascular tissue
-Provide plant support
-Derived from meristematic tissue
-Work together to distribute nutrients, minerals, and water enabling groeth, development, and survival

Biology 223 (12 decks)

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