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Biology 223 > Chapter 35 - 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 - 3 Flashcards

Primary Growth

1
Q

What is Primary Growth?

A

Growth that lengthens?

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2
Q

Which meristem gives rise to Primary Growth?

A

The Apical meristem

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3
Q

What are the 2 plant classifications for texture?

A

Herbaceous plants (non-woody)
Woody plants

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4
Q

What type of growth is most common for non-woody plants?

A

Primary Growth

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5
Q

What type of growth is most common for woody plants?

A

Secondary growth, much more widening than lengthening.

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6
Q

What is the root cap?

A

A protective covering at the end of the root that protects the meristem. It secretes polysaccaride slimes that lubricates the soil.

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7
Q

Where does growth occur in these roots?

A

Behind the root cap

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8
Q

What are the 3 regions that give rise to all tissues?

A

Zone of division
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation

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9
Q

What is the zone of cell division?

A

Right inside of root cap
Includes apical meristem
Where mitosis occurs
Where stem cells and root cells are created

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10
Q

What is the zone of cell elongation?

A

Occurs behind the zone of division
Involves division and mitosis of cells that will be differentiated (distinct tissues)
An area where the cell numbers are amplified, lengthening the zone

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11
Q

What is the zone of cell differentiation?

A

Where the cells mature into specific cell and tissue types

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12
Q

In all of the primary organs, which 3 tissues do we find in the root?

A

Ground tissue
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue (stele)

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13
Q

What is dermal tissue?

A

The outer layer (epidermis) protective layer of cells.

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14
Q

What is ground tissue?

A

Includes structures like the cortex and endodermis. The middle section. Serves as a barrier so that only particular things can reach the vascular tissue and beyond.

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15
Q

What is the vascular tissue?

A

Comes in 2 varieties. Xylem and Phloem. Also has unspecialized parenchyma in some plants.

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16
Q

What are eudicots?

A

Most flowering plants, more than one stem.

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17
Q

What are monocots?

A

One seeded stem plants.

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18
Q

What is the most outer layer of cells that both monocots and eudicots contain?

A

Pericycle.

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19
Q

Do monocots or eudicots have larger bigger xylem chambers?

A

Monocots.

20
Q

What is the pericycle?

A

Directly inside the endodermis. The source of growth of new lateral roots. Stem cell rich and has capacity to be able to generate new tissues. Contains meristematically active cells that can generate new meristem for ultimately a new root.

21
Q

How does production of lateral roots arise?

A

Arise from pericycle. Deep stem cell layer.

22
Q

What happens to the cortex and epidermis as the lateral roots grow?

A

They die.

23
Q

What is the shoot apical meristem?

A

The dome shaped mass of cells at the root tip. Contains meristem that gives rise to lengthening the stem.

24
Q

What structures are adjacent to the shoot apical meristem?

A

Leaf primordia. Horn-shaped that give rise to the youngest (top most) leaves. As they continue to grow, some meristematic tissue is left. That tissue becomes axillary bud apical meristems.

25
Q

What do axillary bud apical meristems generate from?

A

Left over meristematic tissue.

26
Q

What do axillary bud apical meristems give rise to?

A

Branches and Fruit

27
Q

What is apical dominance?

A

A communication between the shoot apical meristem and axillary bud meristems. This makes it so that branches occur at specific intervals due to hormones released by apical meristem. The farther away and less concentrated the hormone is, the higher chances of growing branches.

28
Q

What interrupts apical dominance?

A

Physical damage or light changes (pruning)

29
Q

What are the 3 tissues present in stems?

A

Dermal
Vascular
Ground

30
Q

What is the outer layer in stems?

A

Dermal tissue (epidermis)

31
Q

What are the 2 types of ground tissue present in eudicots?

A

Cortex and Pith

32
Q

How is vascular tissue organized in stems?

A

Runs the length of stem in separate vascular bundles.

33
Q

What are vascular bundles?

A

Xylem and Phloem containing bundles that are arranged in a ring. Xylem is closer to Pith. Phloem is closer to cortex. PC XP

34
Q

What do lateral shoots arise from?

A

Axillary bud. Don’t damage other tissues in stems.

35
Q

What are the 3 tissues leaves are made up of?

A

Ground
Vascular
Tissue

36
Q

What is the epidermis for leaves?

A

The outer layer, or covering

37
Q

The epidermis has _____ which is different than the roots and stems.

A

Stomata (pores). Created by guard cells. Function is to allow CO2 to penetrate. Also needed for transpiration. The stomata’s can close or open quickly for hydration of the plant.

38
Q

In the leaf the ground tissue is called what?

A

The mesophyll.

39
Q

What is the mesophyll made of?

A

Parenchymal cells that are highly specialized for photosynthesis. Where sugar is being made.

40
Q

What are the 2 different layers of mesophyll?

A

Palisade Mesophyll
Spongy Mesophyll

41
Q

What is palisade mesophyll?

A

Elongated cell, top side of leaf

42
Q

What is spongy mesophyll?

A

Loosely arranges, spongey cells with gaps for gasses. On the underside of the leaf. Allows for oxygen to leave.

43
Q

What are some examples of vascular tissue in leaves?

A

Veins. These veins are continuous throughout stems and roots.

44
Q

What do veins do to ensure adequate distribution of water and acquisition of the sugars?

A

They divide and branch throughout mesophyll. Surrounded by bundle sheath cells.

45
Q

What does the xylem deliver?

A

Water

46
Q

What does the phloem remove?

A

Sugars

47
Q
A

Biology 223 (12 decks)

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