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BIOL186 > Chapter 35 & 36 - Plant Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 35 & 36 - Plant Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is one very important reason that plants are unusual?

A

they live in a box, making up the cell wall - plant cells cant move which is beneficial in a specific aspect

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2
Q

photoautotrophic definition

A

“self-feeding” organisms; direct use of the suns energy as a carbon source - eg. plants

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3
Q

chemoheterotrophic definition

A

organisms whose energy and carbon source comes from energy-rich organic substances - eg. animals

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4
Q

growth in plants vs animals

A

plants have indeterminate growth (can continue to grow almost indefinitely) while animals have determinate (limited growth)

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5
Q

why can plants never develop any cancer?

A

cancer cells can break off and move throughout the animal body, but because there are no moving cells in plants, the cancer cannot spread like that

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6
Q

trace the evolution of plant diversity down to flowers and fruits plants

A

ancestral green alga -> vascular tissue -> seeds -> flowers and fruits

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7
Q

what are the three subsections of nonvascular plants?

A

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

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8
Q

what are the two subsections of vascular plants?

A

seedless vascular plants and seed plants

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9
Q

what are the two subsections of seedless vascular plants?

A

lycophytes (club mosses, spikemosses, quillworts) and monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

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10
Q

what are the two subsections of seed plants?

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

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11
Q

what type of plant are the majority of plants?

A

angiosperms (flowering plants)

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12
Q

what are the most common type of angiosperms (flowering plants)

A

monocots and eudicots

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13
Q

define cotyledon

A

the first leaf that a plant makes

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14
Q

what characteristics define monocots?

A

one cotyledon, veins in leaves are parallel, vascular bundles are arranged in a complex way, floral parts are usually in multiples of three, and fibrous root system

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15
Q

what characteristics define eudicots?

A

two cotyledons, veins in leaves are branches, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, floral parts are usually in multiples of four or five, and taproot usually present

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16
Q

what are the three types of simple tissues in plants?

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

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17
Q

trace cells to plants

A

cells -> tissue -> tissue systems -> organs -> plant

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18
Q

define simple tissues

A

made up of only one cell type

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19
Q

define complex tissues

A

made up of multiple cell types

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20
Q

what defines parenchyma cells?

A

very common in plants, alive at maturity, surrounded by a thin and flexible primary cell wall (cellulose only), shape: isodiametric; connected to other parenchyma cells only in some parts

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21
Q

functions of parenchyma cells

A

most of the metabolic functions of a plant: photosynthesis, storage, seed dispersal, wound repair; and a specialized function: aeration of roots in water -> aerenchyma

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22
Q

in flooded areas, how do plant roots get oxygen?

A

the roots basically suffocate

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23
Q

define aerenchyma

A

“air tubes” from parenchyma to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in suffocated root cells

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24
Q

what defines collenchyma cells?

A

common only in a few plant families, alive at maturity, unevenly thickened primary cell walls, shape: longer than wide (elongated), flexible and elastic

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25
functions of collenchyma cells
flexible support without restraining growth
26
what type of cell does celery have a lot of?
collenchyma cells
27
does the structural support only depend on the cell wall of collenchyma cells?
cellulose walls provide some support, turgor pressure does the rest
28
what defines sclerenchyma cells?
thin primary cell wall and a very rigid secondary cell wall with lignin; inflexible and inelastic, dead at maturity
29
what are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?
fibres and sclereids
30
what defines the primary cell wall?
laid down by the cell immediately after cell division; made up of mostly carbohydrates (cellulose) and some proteins
31
what defines the secondary cell wall?
similar to the primary cell wall, but more structured; lignin (an aromatic polymer)
32
what is the function of secondary cell walls?
imagine the primary cell wall as a piece of paper, and the secondary cell wall makes it a piece of wood
33
list the functions of sclereids
stone cells in pears (gritty texture), hardness of nutshells and seed coats, defense against predators
34
what are the commercial uses of fibres (sclerenchyma)?
rope, clothing, linen, MDF boards (wood fibres), bioplastics
35
what are the commercial uses of sclereids (sclerenchyma)
walnut shells are used as an abrasive to clean cars/surfaces without damaging underlying material, or cosmetics
36
what are the two types of complex tissues?
xylem and phloem
37
what defines xylem?
composed of living (parenchyma), dead (sclerenchyma), and tracheary elements (two types - both dead) cells, involved in the transport of water from roots to cells
38
define tracheary elements
vessel elements and tracheids
39
define vessel elements
found in most angiosperms; wider, shorter, and thinner walled than tracheids; aligned end-to-end to form micro-pipes
40
define tracheids
in all vascular plants; dead at maturity - long, thin cells with tapered ends, water moves through pits
41
what is the role of parenchyma cells in xylem?
unloading of minerals from vessels and tracheids; active transport of solutes including hormones (the hormone auxin, which controls development and inhibits branching)
42
what is the role of sclerenchyma in xylem?
structural support, and fibres (sclereids)
43
what are the functions of xylem?
tracheary elements (transports water upwards (passive), transports some minerals upwards (passive)), xylem parenchyma (transports plant solutes (active transport downwards), defense, wound healing, store carbohydrates), xylem sclerenchyma (structural support)
44
what is the phloem composed of?
composed of living (parenchyma) and dead (sclerenchyma) cells and sieve elements (alive(ish))
45
sieve elements of the phloem
sieve-tube elements connected via sieve plates - alive but missing a nucleus and ribosomes (the "living dead") - very good at solute transport
46
parenchyma cells in the phloem
sieve-tube elements paired with a companion cell which provide the necessities of life to sieve elements, and unload organic compounds and some minerals
47
what are the functions of the phloem?
sieve elements (transport organic compounds upwards and downwards (passive), and plant hormones), phloem parenchyma (unloading of compounds (active) and supporting sieve elements), sclerenchyma (structural stability, defense)
48
define tissue
composed of one or more cell types that together perform a function
49
define a tissue system
multiple tissues come together to perform one function
50
where is dermal tissue found?
always on the outside (epidermis/bark)
51
what are the two organ systems in plants?
shoot system and root system
52
what are the four plant organs?
roots, stems, leaves, reproductive organs
53
list examples of where vascular tissue is found in plants
root: vascular cylinder in the middle, shoot: vascular bundles, leaf: network of veins
54
list examples of where ground tissue is found in plants
stem: cortex and pith, root: cortex and pith, leaf: mesophyll: palisade and spongy tissue
55
where does root growth occur?
at the tips of roots; cell division really only takes place in the root tips and pushed the root forward
56
what type of growth do roots and stems have?
indeterminate growth
57
list the basic functions of roots
anchorage, uptake of water and nutrients
58
what are mitotic cells?
cells undergoing cell division
59
what are in the zone of differentiation?
root hairs and vascular tissue
60
what is the root cap?
a set of new cells that primarily function in protecting the root zone of cell division and lubricating the soil
61
what does the apical meristem do?
cell division (growth)
62
what does the zone of elongation do?
cell elongation and initiate differentiation into three major tissues (dermal, ground, and vascular)
63
define the endodermis
living cylinder of cells that acts as a barrier to apoplastic fluids
64
simple vs compound leaf
a simple leaf has a single, undivided blade, while a compound leaf has a blade consisting of multiple leaflets
65
list the parts of a leaf
blade and petiole; and every leaf has a connection to an axillary bud
66
what is the main functions of leafs?
photosynthesis, which occurs in parenchyma cells
67
what is the function of guard cells?
form an opening for gas exchange and transport to take place
68
from a plants perspective, list the advantages of living on land
light is not limiting, oxygen and carbon dioxide are more plentiful (easier resources)
69
from a plants perspective, list the challenges of living on land
gravity has to be overcome, water is less plentiful, water/nutrients at different locations than gases, dispersal of gametes/offspring, different stressors (UV, temperature fluctuations, etc.)
70
list some adaptations plants have made to living on land (to maintain moisture)
water transport systems (vascular systems), cuticle/stomata to regulate water loss, pollen grains/seeds resistant to desiccation,
71
list some adaptations plants have made to living on land (reproduction and dispersal)
animal pollination/fruits, more targeted pollen/seed dispersal
72
list some adaptations plants have made to living on land (to obtain resources, support against gravity, and stress)
larger leaves to increase photosynthesis, larger plants, shoot and root system, transport systems (xylem/phloem), support of plant body (thicker cells walls and lignin), secondary metabolites
73
what was the first evolutionary advantage in plants?
increased water transport system/infrastructure -> in small plants about 400 million years ago - no leaves, upward growth, but not to increase photosynthetic surface, due to new lignified xylem tissue
74
summarize xylem transport
uptake of water and minerals from roots, upward transport in xylem, transpiration drive xylem sap upwards
75
summarize phloem transport
gas exchange (uptake of oxygen, release of CO2 in the roots), from source to sink transport in phloem, photosynthesis produces sugars
76
why is the vascular system important for upward growth in vascular plants?
non-vascular plants lack lignin and are thus limited in how tall they grow (no vascular systems) - transport water largely by diffusion
77
how are trees growing tall?
primary growth via apical meristems -> initiated at the root
78
describe primary growth
primary growth is limited to the tips of growing shoots and roots - then cells differentiate and cell division stops
79
how are trees growing in thickness?
via lateral meristems: vascular and cork cambium (secondary growth)
80
primary vs secondary growth
secondary growth starts after primary growth stops (primary growth -> grow tall, secondary growth -> grow thick)
81
when is xylem added the most?
during secondary growth -> "secondary xylem" is wood
82
how are vascular bundles organized in eudicots?
in a ring (primary phloem outside, primary xylem inside)
83
what is the vascular cambium?
between the phloem and xylem and extends
84
what is the cork cambium?
secondary dermal tissue (cork)
85
why do we see tree rings?
growth ceases during winter, then the cycle starts again in the spring and occurs very rapidly through that season and the summer
86
where does all growth start?
apical meristem of stem
87
describe an annual plant
herbaceous plant, mostly composed of a primary body (developed from an embryo)
88
describe a perennial plant
shrubs and trees, composed of primary and secondary tissues
89
water an nutrients in the plant body move via three pathways
apoplastic (easy), symplastic (easy), and/or transmembrane (crossing lipid bilayer more than once - not easy)
90
describe active transport
proton pump creates membrane potential (pH gradient)
91
describe co-transport of ions/nitrates with protons
mineral uptake into roots - against their chemical gradient into the cell
92
describe passive transport
ion channels - do not depend on protons, may be gated
93
define aquaporins
bidirectional channel proteins that allow only water molecules to pass in single file at a rate of 3 billion per second
94
define water potential
potential energy of water under given conditions compared to pure water under reference conditions (determines direction of water flow)
95
what is the water use by trees?
500L to 2,000L daily (if water is not limited)
96
describe water uptake in the roots
water enters at the root hairs, pathway along the apoplastic or symplastic route in the root hair (in the xylem, apoplastic only, in the casparian strip, symplastic only)
97
describe water loss in leaves
water exits through the stomata -> water and minerals transported in the xylem by bulk flow is driven by transpiration in leaves (very steep water vapour gradient)

BIOL186 (11 decks)

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