chapter 35 immune system Flashcards
how many antibodies and T-cell receptors
10^8 and 10^12
phagocytes are components of the ….. immune system
innate
what are the receptors in the innate immune system called what about the structure
Toll like receptor (TLR)
TLR can be found …….. the cell
inside and outside the cells
extracellular domain with leucin-rich repeats capped by cystein rich repeat. a single transmembrane helix and an intracellular domain for effector functions though it os not a kinase but a docking site
PAMP
pathogen associated molecular pattern on pathogens targeted by TLRs
Lipopolysaccarid is recognised by
TLR4
why does in the innate system provide rapid responses
because the TLRs receptors and other components of innate system are expressed at all times
mutations ……. block recognition by TLRs
cannot easily without comprimising the virulence of the pathogen
How do leucin rich repeats recognise and bind to the PAMPs
each contribute a beta strand and all of them form a parallel B-strand that form a hook structure
The responses of the adaptive immune system
humoral producing antibodies by plasma cells
cellular response cytotoxic T-cells
immunogen
The binding of a foreign molecule that stimulates immune response
A B cell and an epitope
each B cell produces one type of antibody that can recognise a single epitope
T-cell receptors coevolved with MHCs why?
to ensure that the T-cells can scan all cells
what type of cells that can perform in both the humoral repsonse and the cellular response
Helper T-cells
the major antibody in serum is
IgG
the protein that has proteolytic action on antibodies
papain
Fab consists of
an entire L-chain + a half H-chain
segmental flexibility
the antibody (fab segments) bind to match the distance between the two epitopes on the antigen
Immunoglobulins and their light and heavy chains
light: kappa og lambda Heavy: IgM: mu IgG: gamma IgA: alpha IgE: epsilon IgD: delta
The major class antibody present in external secretions
IgA, the first line of defence
IgE functions
against parasites and in allergic responses
the variable and constant regions of antibodies
the amino terminal of each chain with 3 stretches of 7-12 variable amino acids
the constant regions are the carboxyl-terminal regions in both chains
what does an immunoglobulin fold consist of
of a pair of beta sheets composed of antiparallel beta strands surrounding a hydrophobic and linked by hydrophobic interactions and a disulfid-bond a hypervariable loop found at the top at the N-terminal end
how many CDRs participate in the binding of phosphorylcholine
5
