Chapter 35: Introduction to Flowering Plant Form & Function

Question 1

What are the 3 basic plant organs ?

Answer 1

Roots , Stems and Leaves

Question 2

What is a root system ?

Answer 2

contains water & minerals

is below ground

Question 3

what is a shoot system ?

Answer 3

contains CO2 & light

is above ground

Question 4

what is an organ ?

Answer 4

several types of tissues which carry out particular functions

Question 5

what is tissue ?

Answer 5

group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function

Question 6

__________ rely on carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis in aerial shoot system

Answer 6

roots

Question 7

________ rely on water & minerals absorbed by underground root system

Answer 7

shoots

Question 8

______________ tissue conducts sugar , water , minerals throughout the plant

what’s another name for this tissue ?

Answer 8

Vascular ; Conductive

Question 9

what does a root function in ?

Answer 9

• anchoring plant
• absorbing water & minerals
• storing carbohydrates; Amyloplasts (starch-containing plastids)

Question 10

__________ root system is a monocot

Answer 10

Fibrous

Question 11

what is another term for a fibrous root ?

Answer 11

adventitious

Question 12

what roots form from the adventitious roots ?

Answer 12

lateral (similar in size)

Question 13

which root system is a eudicot ?

Answer 13

taproot

ex: carrot

Question 14

where does absorption of water & minerals occur ?

Answer 14

near root tips

Question 15

root hairs increase _________.

Answer 15

Surface Area

Question 16

Growing shoot tip (________ bud): elongation of a young shoot - stem growth

Answer 16

apical

Question 17

_____________ bud forms vegetative or reproductive shoot

Answer 17

axillary

Question 18

what are internodes ?

Answer 18

stem segments between nodes

Question 19

________ is an organ consisting of alternating nodes where leaves are attached (conduits for water & nutrients)

Answer 19

stem

Question 20

what are leaves ?

Answer 20

vegetative parts of a plant , photosynthetic organ of vascular plants , flattened blade & stalk (petiole) joined to stem

Question 21

________ intercept light, exchange gases, dissipate heat, defend from herbivores & pathogens

Answer 21

leaves

Question 22

_________ leaves similar to a bird feather; has several branching veins

Answer 22

pinnate

Question 23

_________ leaves are similar to a hand palm/maple leaf; one major vein from which other veins branch

Answer 23

palmate

Question 24

what is venation ?

Answer 24

leaf vascular tissue arrangement

Question 25

monocots have _________ venation

Answer 25

parallel

Question 26

eudicots have _________ venation

Answer 26

branching

Question 27

__________ leaf has one blade connected to a petiole

Answer 27

simple

Question 28

_________ leaf has several leaflets that share one petiole

Answer 28

compound

Question 29

___________ tissue prevents damage & water-loss; support. Similar to plasma membrane

Answer 29

dermal

Question 30

__________ tissue undergoes photosynthesis; food storage; support

Answer 30

ground

Question 31

___________ tissue aka __________ tissue conducts minerals, H2O, & has photosynthetic products; support (turgid pressure - hydrostatic)

Answer 31

vascular; conductive

Question 32

in __________ plants: epidermis is a thin layer of cells

Answer 32

herbaceous

Question 33

_________ is the waxy coating preventing ____________.

Answer 33

cuticle ; water loss

Question 34

________ plants: protective tissue (periderm) replaces epidermis i’m older stem & root regions

Answer 34

woody ex: bark

Question 35

____________: shoot epidermal outgrowths also reducing water loss, insect defense

Answer 35

trichomes

Question 36

__________: are root epidermal outgrowths; maximizes water absorption (increases surface area)

Answer 36

root hairs

Question 37

__________ conducts water & dissolved minerals upward from roots into shoots (via transpiration)

Answer 37

xylem

Question 38

________ transports sugars & photosynthetic products throughout plant; moves from source to sink

Answer 38

phloem

Question 39

in the ground tissue system what is external to vascular tissue and what is internal to vascular tissue ?

Answer 39

external: cortex ; internal: pith

Question 40

vascular tissue of root or stem is collectively called ________

Answer 40

stele

Question 41

______________ is the specialization of cells in structure & function

Answer 41

cellular differentiation

Question 42

what are the major types of plant cells ?

Answer 42

parenchyma , collenchyma , & sclerenchyma (all ground tissue cells), water-conducting cells of the xylem and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem (vascular (conductive) tissue cells))

Question 43

_________ cells are thin, have flexible walls, least specialized, function depends on location, contained chloroplast in leaves (roots, leaves , stems)

Answer 43

parenchyma

Question 44

_____________ cells group in strands, support apical shoot, has thicker uneven cell walls, flexible support w/o growth

Answer 44

collenchyma

Question 45

__________ cells have rigid (thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin, dead at functional maturity)

Answer 45

sclerenchyma

Question 46

what is lignin ?

Answer 46

a strengthening polymer

Question 47

name and describe the two types of sclerenchyma cells ...

Answer 47

sclereids: short, irregular in shape, thick lignified secondary walls fibers: long, slender, arranged in threads

Question 48

what are the two types of water-conducting cells of xylem ?

Answer 48

tracheids and vessel elements

Question 49

tracheids is present in xylem of all _______________.

Answer 49

vascular plants (gymnosperms & angiosperms)

Question 50

vessel elements are only present in ______________.

Answer 50

angiosperms

Question 51

______________ allows water to leave and enables gas exchange

Answer 51

stomata

Question 52

_________ __________: are alive at functional maturity but lack organelles

Answer 52

sieve-tube elements

Question 53

__________ _________: porous end walls, allow fluid flow between cells along sieve tube

Answer 53

sieve plates

Question 54

___________ cell: nucleus & ribosomes help development & function

Answer 54

companion

Question 55

what kind of growth does a plant have ?

Answer 55

indeterminate growth

Question 56

___________: perpetually embryonic tissue; allows for indeterminate growth (generate new cells for primate & secondary growth)

Answer 56

meristems

Question 57

____________ growth: cease to grow at a certain age/size

Answer 57

determinate

Question 58

___________ meristems are primary growth (vertical growth)

Answer 58

apical

Question 59

__________ meristems are secondary growth (horizontal growth)

Answer 59

lateral

Question 60

_____________ ______________ adds layers of vascular tissue; secondary xylem (wood) & secondary phloem

Answer 60

vascular cambium

Question 61

_________ ____________ replaces epidermis with periderm (thicker & tougher)

Answer 61

cork cambium

Question 62

what covers a root tip and protects apical meristem as the root pushes through soil ?

Answer 62

root tip

Question 63

growth occurs behind the root tip, in 3 cell zones .. what are those zones in order ?

Answer 63

- zone of cell division - zone of elongation - zone of differentiation (maturation)

Question 64

______________ is the inner-most vortex layer

Answer 64

endodermis

Question 65

leaves develop from _______ __________ among sides of apical meristem

Answer 65

leaf primordia

Question 66

how do axillary buds develop ?

Answer 66

from meristematic cells at the base of leaf primordia

Question 67

_______________ have vascular tissue consisting of vascular bundles arranged in a ring

Answer 67

eudicots

Question 68

____________ have vascular bundles that are scattered throughout ground tissue (no ring; vascular cambium)

Answer 68

monocots

Question 69

_________ function as a leaf’s skeleton

Answer 69

veins

Question 70

____________ _____________ - upper part of leaf (photosynthesis)

Answer 70

palisade mesophyll

Question 71

_____________ _____________ - lower part of the leaf (where gas exchange occurs)

Answer 71

spongy mesophyll

Question 72

“______________ growth” increase girth of a stem

Answer 72

horizontal

Question 73

__________ xylem accumulates as wood consisting of tracheids, vessel elements, & fibers

Answer 73

secondary

Question 74

______ wood formed in spring , large cells with thin cell walls to maximize water delivery (heartwood/springwood)

Answer 74

early

Question 75

_______ wood formed in late summer with thick-walled small cells for stem support (sapwood)

Answer 75

late