Chapter 35 Nutrition

Question 1

Nutrients that supply energy

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Protein
Lipids

Question 2

Nutrients that regulate body processes

Answer 2

Vitamins
Minerals
Water

Question 3

Rule-of-Thumb Method for Determining Ideal Body Weight: Female

Answer 3

100 lb (for height of 5 ft.) ± 5 lb. for each additional inch over 5 ft

Question 4

Rule-of-Thumb Method for Determining Ideal Body Weight: Male

Answer 4

106 lb (for height of 5 ft.) ± 6 lb. for each additional inch over 5 ft.

Question 5

BMR for males

Answer 5

BMR is about 1 cal/kg of body weight per hour for men

Question 6

BMR for females

Answer 6

BMR is about 0.9 cal/kg of body weight per hour for women

Question 7

Factors that increase BMR

Answer 7

Growth, infections, fever, emotional tension, extreme environmental temperatures, elevated levels of certain hormones

Question 8

Factors that decrease BMR

Answer 8

Aging, prolonged fasting, and sleep

Question 9

BMI for Age Percentile

Answer 9

• Less than 5th percentile: underweight
• 5th percentile to less than the 85th percentile: healthy weight
• 85th percentile to less than the 95th percentile: overweight
• 95th percentile or greater: obese

Question 10

Carbohydrates

Answer 10

• Sugars and starches
• Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Serve as the structural framework of plants; lactose is only animal source
• Most abundant and least expensive source of calories in the world
• Classified as simple or complex sugars

Question 11

Carbohydrates (cont.)

Answer 11

• 90% of carbohydrate intake is ingested
• Converted to glucose for transport through the blood
• Cells oxidize glucose to provide energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
• 50 to 100 g of carbohydrates are needed daily to prevent ketosis

Question 12

Protein

Answer 12

• Required for the formation of all body structures
• Labeled complete (high quality) or incomplete (low quality), based on amino acid composition
• Animal proteins are complete; plant proteins are incomplete.
• Protein tissues are in a constant state of flux.
• RDA for adults is 0.8 g/kg of body weight, 10% to 35% total calorie intake

Question 13

Fats

Answer 13

• Insoluble in water and blood
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• 95% of lipids in diet are triglycerides
• Contain mixtures of saturated (raise cholesterol levels) and unsaturated (lower cholesterol levels) fatty acids
• Digestion occurs largely in the small intestine.
• Most concentrated source of energy in the diet
• RDA not established, should be no more than 20% to 35% total calorie intake

Question 14

Trans fat

Answer 14

occurs when manufacturers partially hydrogenate liquid oils; trans fat raises serum cholesterol

Question 15

Triglycerides

Answer 15

are the predominant form of fat in food and the major storage form of fat in the body

Question 16

Cholesterol

Answer 16

a fat-like substance found only in animal products.

Question 17

Vitamins

Answer 17

• Organic compounds needed by the body in small amounts
• Most are active in the form of coenzymes.
• Needed for metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fat
• Classified as water soluble or fat soluble
• Absorbed through the intestinal wall directly into bloodstream

Question 18

Vitamin A

Answer 18

affects visual acuity, skin and mucous membranes, and immune function

Question 19

Vitamin D

Answer 19

provides calcium and phosphorus metabolism and stimulates calcium absorption

Question 20

Vitamin E

Answer 20

is an antioxidant that protects Vitamin A

Question 21

Vitamin K

Answer 21

helps the synthesis of certain proteins necessary for blood clotting.

Question 22

Minerals

Answer 22

• Organic elements found in all body fluids and tissues
• Some function to provide structure in the body, others help regulate body processes
• Contained in the ash that remains after digestion

Question 23

Macrominerals

Answer 23

include calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.

Question 24

Microminerals

Answer 24

include iron, zinc, manganese, and iodine.

Question 25

Water

Answer 25

• Accounts for between 50% and 60% of adult’s total weight.
• Two-thirds of body water is contained within the cells (intracellular fluid [ICF]).
• The remainder of body water is extracellular fluid (ECF), body fluids (plasma, interstitial fluid).
• Provides fluid medium necessary for all chemical reactions in the body
• Acts as a solvent and aids digestion, absorption, circulation, and excretion