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Biology 123-80 > Chapter 35 - Plant Structure, Growth, and Development > Flashcards

Chapter 35 - Plant Structure, Growth, and Development Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Redwood is a…

A

gymnosperm (seeds on cones)

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2
Q

A flowering plant is a…

A

angiosperm (seeds in fruits)

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3
Q

Plants absorb water and minerals through…

A

roots.

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4
Q

Plants absorb the sun’s energy and carbon dioxide through…

A

shoots (stem and leaves).

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5
Q

What are the plant roots’ functions?

A
  • anchor plant
  • store food
  • absorb water and minerals
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6
Q

What are the plant shoots’ functions?

A
  • provide support
  • carry out photosynthesis
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7
Q

Modifications are _____ for plants.

A

adaptations

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8
Q

Root Modifications

A
  • store food
  • large taproots store starches
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9
Q

Stem Modifications

A

(1) stolon = asexual reproduction
(2) rhizomes = storage, asexual reproduction
(3) tubers = storage, asexual reproduction
(4) cactus stem = water storage, photosynthesis

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10
Q

Leaf Modifications

A
  • protection (like cactus spine)
  • climbing (pea plant tendril - coily, climb up support)
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11
Q

What three tissues make up the plant body?

A

(1) dermal = outer protective covering
(2) vascular = support / long distance transport
(3) ground = bulk of plant body / food production / storage / support

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12
Q

Epidermis

A

tightly packed layer of cells (dermal)

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13
Q

Cuticle

A

waxy layer that reduces water loss (dermal)

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14
Q

Xylem

A

provides support that conducts water and nutrients upward from the root (vascular)

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15
Q

Phloem

A

forms food conducting tissue / carries food (vascular)

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16
Q

Pith

A

soft, spongy central cylinder (ground)

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17
Q

Cortex

A

outer region of organ or structure (ground)

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18
Q

Mesophyll

A

leaf ground tissue

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19
Q

How are plants distinguished from animals?

A
  • chloroplasts used for photosynthesis
  • fluid filled vacuole
  • cell wall of cellulose
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20
Q

What are the layers of a cell wall?

A

(1) primary cell wall = outermost layer
(2) secondary cell wall = tough layer inside

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21
Q

Middle Lamella

A

sticky layer between that connects

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22
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

openings that allow cells to communicate / exchange materials easily

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23
Q

What are the 5 main types of plant cells?

A
  • Parenchyma cells
    – Collenchyma cells
    – Sclerenchyma cells
    – Water-conducting cells
    – Food-conducting cells
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24
Q

Parenchyma Cells

A
  • most abundant - thin primary cell wall - no secondary cell wall - alive - photosynthesis, food and water storage
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25
Collenchyma Cells
- unevenly thick primary cell wall - no secondary cell wall - alive - provide flexible support
26
Sclerenchyma Cells
- thick secondary cell wall with lignin - dead - ridgid support - fibers (long thin in bundles) - sclereids (shorter present in nut shells and pear tissues)
27
Water Conducting Cells (tracheid / vessel)
- thick secondary cell wall - dead - chains between them form xylem
28
Food Conducting Cells (sieve tube members)
- no secondary cell wall - alive with no organelles - chains of them form phloem
29
Companion Cells
- have organelles - control sieve tube members
30
Plant growth is indeterminate.
(1) Annuals = complete life cycle in 1 year (2) Biennials = complete life cycle in 2 years (3) Perennials = live for many years
31
Animal growth is determinate.
stops after a certain size
32
Meristems
- where plants grow - regions of active cell division
33
Apical Meristems
- found at tips of roots and shoots - where primary growth
34
The apical meristems of root tips are covered by a...
root cap
35
Root growth happens in 3 zones.
(1) zone of cell division = apical meristem (2) zone of cell elongation = lengthens 10x (3) zone of maturation = into 3 cell tissues
36
Apical meristems at shoot tips happen as _____.
buds in stem / base of leaves + Vascular tissue here is called primary vascular tissue with primary xylem and phloem
37
Lateral Meristems
- where secondary growth occurs - areas of active cell division that are in 2 cylinders along roots and shoots
38
Vascular Cambium
lateral meristem between primary xylem and phloem
39
Cork Cambium
lateral meristem at the outer edge of stem cortex
40
What 2 directions does the vascular cambium produce cells in?
(1) secondary xylem = produce wood toward stem interior (2) secondary phloem = produce inner bark toward stem exterior
41
What direction does cork cambium produce cells in?
produces outer bark made of cork cells
42
Wood Rays
- parenchyma tissue that radiate from the stem’s center - lateral transport and storage
43
Most transport is near the vascular cambium.
(1) sapwood = transports water (2) heartwood = stores resin and waste (3) sugars = transport in secondary phloem
44
What are the 4 types of leaves (flower organs)?
(1) sepals = close and protect flower bud (2) petals = showy / attract pollinators (3) stamens = male reproductive structures (4) carpels = female reproductive structures
45
Parts of a stamen are...
- anther = produces pollen that has sperm - filament = elevates anther
46
Parts of a carpel are...
- stigma = pollination site - style = neck to the ovary - ovary = had ovules which have eggs
47
The diploid generation is called...
sporophyte.
48
The haploid generation is called...
gametophyte.
49
The male gametophyte is...
pollen grain.
50
The female gametophyte is...
embryo sac.
51
Pollination
- transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
52
Double Fertilization
+ One sperm fertilizes egg to make zygote + One sperm fuses with central cell nuclei to produce 3n endosperm + endosperm nourishes embryo
53
The zygote divides to...
produce embryo.
54
The embryo consists of...
- tiny root - shoot apical meristems - 1 or 2 cotyledons
55
Seed Dormancy
+ embryo growth / development are suspended + delays until good conditions
56
Eudicot Seeds
+ 2 cotyledons + Apical meristems lack protective sheaths + Endosperm absorbed by cotyledons
57
Monocot Seeds
+ Single cotyledon + Apical meristems have a protective sheaths + Endosperm is present
58
The ovary develops into a fruit by what trigger?
hormonal changes induced by fertilization
59
Germination...
+ breaks seed dormancy + starts when water is taken up
60
Clones
- genetically identical offspring - through asexual reproduction - via bulbs, root sprouts, and runners - propagated by taking cuttings - can be cultured in tubes
61
What is thought to be the oldest organism?
4,600 year old pine tree
62
What adaptions make plants live longer than animals?
-- Constant cell division in meristems can repair damage – Plants produce defensive compounds that protect them

Biology 123-80 (1 decks)

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