Chapter 36 - 1

Question 1

Land plants inhabit what two worlds?

Answer 1

Air and Soil

Question 2

What does the air provide for plants?

Answer 2

Shoot System allows intake of gasses, specifically CO2 which allows for photosynthesis.

Question 3

What does soil provide for plants?

Answer 3

Where root system allows intake of water, minerals and carbohydrates.

Question 4

How do water plants absorb materials?

Answer 4

Mainly from the water, roots are mainly for anchoring while nutrients and other things are found in the water.

Question 5

What drove for land plants to get taller?

Answer 5

The competition for sunlight/photosynthesis pushed the evolution of height, width, and leaf structure were driven by this competition.

Question 6

What are the side effects of having more sophisticated leaf structures?

Answer 6

More evaporation which means more need for water meaning their needs to be more complex transport mechanisms.

Question 7

Evolution of vascular tissue was key for what?

Answer 7

Long distance transport

Question 8

What does Xylem do?

Answer 8

It transports water from roots to the shoots.

Question 9

What does Phloem do?

Answer 9

Phloem transports sugars from leaves/shoots to the roots (the sink).

Question 10

What type of photosynthesis is favored by evolution?

Answer 10

The most efficient photosynthesis while minimizing water loss.
Also favors broader leaf surface
Favors stomata’s for CO2 diffusion

Question 11

What cell type prevents excessive water loss around the Stomata?

Answer 11

Guard Cells

Question 12

What does shoot architecture mainly do?

Answer 12

It’s purpose is to facilitate light capture, spearheading photosynthesis.

Question 13

What are stems important for?

Answer 13

Support and transport

Question 14

Why is being tall good for plants?

Answer 14

Competition for sun.

Question 15

Why is more branching good for palnts?

Answer 15

More leaves creates more surface area. More sunlight for photosynthesis.

Question 16

What is significant about the Crassula erecta?

Answer 16

It has tiny leaves 1.3 mm.

Question 17

What is significant about Raphia regalis?

Answer 17

It’s leaves are 20 m.

Question 18

What is leaf arrangement called?

Answer 18

phyllotaxy

Question 19

What is leaf phyllotaxy determined by?

Answer 19

The shoot apical meristem

Question 20

What are the 3 types of phyllotaxy?

Answer 20

Alternate
Opposite
Whorrled

Question 21

What is alternate phyllotaxy?

Answer 21

Leaf arrangement of most angiosperms. Ascending spiral organization. 137.5 to minimize shading.

Question 22

What is opposite phyllotaxy?

Answer 22

2 leaves per node.

Question 23

What is whorled phyllotaxy?

Answer 23

More than 2 leaves per node.

Question 24

What do leaves undergo?

Answer 24

Self pruning

Question 25

What happens if lower leaves are overshadowed?

Answer 25

Those cells undergo Apotosis and are shed.

Question 26

What is apotosis?

Answer 26

Programmed cell death.

Question 27

What is leaf area index?

Answer 27

Ratio of upper leaf divided by area of land that plant covers.

Question 28

A leaf area index greater than 7 is counterproductive, why?

Answer 28

It increases the chance of leaves shadowing lower leaves.

Question 29

When are horizontal leaves effective?

Answer 29

In low light environments with competition.

Question 30

When are vertical leaves effective?

Answer 30

In intense light to minimize leaf injury. (like grass) Cannot be perfectly vertical.

Question 31

Root systems mines soil for what?

Answer 31

Water and Nutrients

Question 32

Architecture of roots can do what?

Answer 32

They can exploit nutrient rich areas of soil by branching more in nutrient rich areas.

Question 33

What increases as more nitrate or phosphate is in soil?

Answer 33

Many more branches of the roots.

Question 34

What happens between roots and fungi?

Answer 34

When mycorrizae is present the surface area for nutrient absorption is increased. Plant grows a lot more.