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Principles of Biology II > Chapter 36 Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 36 Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of sensory receptor activates G proteins that leads to the production of second messengers.

A

metabotropic receptors

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2
Q

If a person is unable to maintain their balance and is dizzy, which structure is the most likely candidate for these symptoms?

A

Vestibular System

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3
Q

Which behavior results from the adaptation of sensory cells?

A

not smelling something after being in its presence for a while

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4
Q

The ear can distinguish different sound frequencies because different parts of the ____ respond differently to the different frequencies.

A

basilar membrane

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5
Q

Drugs that inhibit G proteins will affect ___.

A

vision and smell

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6
Q

True or False: The retina is the location of photoreceptor cells.

A

True

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7
Q

Smelling baking cookies triggers a(n) ___.

A

chemoreceptor

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8
Q

What is the name of the structure that enables you to hear different pitches (frequencies)?

A

basilar membrane

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9
Q

Which of the following senses requires the activation of mechanoreceptors?

A

hearing

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10
Q

The sound of an alarm clock in the morning triggers a(n) ____ in the sleeper.

A

mechanoreceptor

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11
Q

Photoreceptors in humans are found in the ____.

A

retina

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12
Q

Olfaction involves which type of tropic receptor?

A

metabotropic receptor

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13
Q

What is another word for sensory receptors?

A

sensors

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14
Q

What do sensory receptor cells do?

A

convert physical and chemical stimuli into neuronal signals

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15
Q

Where do the neuronal signals travel to for processing?

A

central nervous system

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16
Q

What are the 6 types of sensory receptors?

A
  • chemoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • photoreceptors
  • electroreceptors
  • magnetoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
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17
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

include taste, pH, blood oxygen levels, etc.

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18
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

include touch, heairng, blood pressure

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19
Q

Photoreceptors

A

sense light wavelenghts

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20
Q

Electroreceptors

A

generate and detect electric fields

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21
Q

Magnetoreceptors

A

sense earth’s magnetic field

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22
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

sense changes in temperature

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23
Q

Do all senses have similar pathways?

A

YES

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24
Q

What happens after a signal is received in a sensory system pathway?

A

the cell converts a stimulus into an intracellular signal (signal transduction)

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25
Q

What happens after signal transduction in a sensory system pathway?

A

The signal is amplified by enzymes that create second messengers

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26
Q

What happens after a signal is amplified in sensory systems?

A

The signal is sent to the integrating center by the nervous system

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27
Q

Perception of signals occurs at ___.

A

integrating center

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28
Q

What type of signal is the sensory information converted into?

A

electrical signal

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29
Q

What are the two types of tropic receptors?

A

Metabotropic and Ionotropic

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30
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

ion channels or direct opening of ion channels

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31
Q

3 Types of Ionotropic Receptors

A
  • mechanoreceptor
  • thermoreceptor
  • electroreceptor
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32
Q

How does a mechanoreceptor open a channel?

A

pressure

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33
Q

How does a thermoreceptor open a channel?

A

heat

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34
Q

How does an electroreceptor open a channel?

A

electric charge

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35
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

influence ion channels indirectly through G proteins and second messengers

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36
Q

2 Types of Metabotropic Receptors

A
  • chemoreceptor
  • photoreceptor
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37
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell

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38
Q

What type of receptor does the sense of smell rely on?

A

chemoreceptors

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39
Q

Where are the bipolar neurons in vertebrates for sense of smell?

A

in the epithelial tissue on top of the nasal cavity

40
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

sensory cells give smaller and smaller responses

41
Q

What type of tropic receptor does smell rely on?

A

Metabotropic

42
Q

Gustaion

A

sense of taste

43
Q

What receptor does sense of taste rely on?

A

chemoreceptor

44
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found in the tongue?

A

tastebuds

45
Q

Where are tastebuds found?

A

papilla of tongue

46
Q

Where is microvilli found in the tongue?

A

sensory cells

47
Q

Where do molecules bind in taste?

A

receptors on microvilli

48
Q

What do sensory cells do in the tongue?

A

release neurotransmitters that stimulates sensory neurons

49
Q

5 Tastes

A
  • salty
  • sweet
  • sour
  • bitter
  • umami
50
Q

Do cells of tastebuds produce action potentials?

A

YES

51
Q

Are metabotropic or ionotropic receptors found in taste?

A

both

52
Q

Outer Ear

A

tympanic membrane at the end of the ear canal

53
Q

Characteristics of the Middle Ear

A
  • has 3 bones
  • contains eustachian tube
54
Q

3 Bones in the Middle Ear

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
55
Q

What is another word for bones in the ear?

A

ossicles

56
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

opens to throat from ear

57
Q

Inner Ear

A

location of cochlea and vestibular system

58
Q

Does the tympanic membrane in the ear vibrate?

A

YES

59
Q

What do the 3 bones in the middle ear vibrate against?

A

the oval window

60
Q

Characterisitcs of the Cochlea

A
  • coiled structure
  • has sensory cells responsible for heaing
61
Q

Characteristics of Semicircular Canals

A
  • responsible for equilibrium
  • have hair cells
62
Q

What structure is responsible for hearing?

A

cochlea

63
Q

What type of tropic receptors are hair cells?

A

ionotropic receptors

64
Q

Is the basilar membrane above or below the tectorial membrane?

A

below

65
Q

Does the basilar membrane release neurotransmitters?

A

YES

66
Q

What do sound waves create?

A

pressure waves in cochlear canals

67
Q

Semicircular Canals sense…

A

orientation (turning of head)

68
Q

Vestibule is a chamber with ___.

A

the utricle and saccule

69
Q

Stereocilia of hair cells are embedded in…

A

gelatinous membrane

70
Q

Vestibule detects…

A

linear acceleration

71
Q

Sclera

A

white part of the eye

72
Q

Iris

A

controls the amount of light that is entering the eye

73
Q

Pupil

A

opening of iris

74
Q

Lens

A

focuses light onto retina

75
Q

Retina

A

contains photoreceptors

76
Q

Blind Spot

A
  • where the nerve leaves
  • no photoreceptors
77
Q

Are hair cells in the ear involved with equilibrium?

A

YES

78
Q

What receptor does vision use?

A

photoreceptors

79
Q

What do rods and cones respond to?

A

light

80
Q

Light

A

electromagnetic waves

81
Q

Does light need a medium to travel?

A

NO

82
Q

Rods

A

detects dim light and grays

83
Q

Cones

A

detects bright lights and colors

84
Q

Are cones more sensitive than rods?

A

NO

85
Q

What are photopigments made of?

A

protein and retinal

86
Q

Rhodopsin

A

photopigment in rods

87
Q

What happens when light hits the retinal?

A
  • will change conformation
  • causes opsin (protein) to change conformation
  • activates g protein
88
Q

Are metabotropic or ionotropic receptors responsible for light?

A

metabotropic

89
Q

You walk into an Italian restaurant, and when you first arrive the smell of pizza, pasta and bread is really strong, but after 10-15 minutes you don’t notice it. What is this process called?

A

sensory adaptation

90
Q

Which structure in the inner ear is responsible for detecting different pitches?

A

basilar membrane

91
Q

Photoreceptors are a type of ____.

A

metabotropic receptors

92
Q

Which photoreceptors function during bright light and enable you to see colors?

A

cones

93
Q
A
94
Q

Which type of receptor involves G proteins and second messengers in a sensory receptor pathway?

A

metabotropic receptors

95
Q

Put the following events in the correct order that they occur during sensory perception in a vertebrate.
1. Action potentials are produced in neurons that transmit information to the brain.
2. Receptor proteins in the cell membranes of sensory receptor cells bind to (or are affected by) an external signal.
3. Perception of the signal occurs.
4. Amplification of the signal occurs within the sensory cell.
5. Signal transduction occurs.

A

2, 5, 4, 1, 3

96
Q

True or False: Hair cells are metabotropic receptors.

A

False

97
Q

When sensory receptor cells recognize a particular stimulus (e.g., light, chemicals) they will transduce that external incoming stimulus ____.

A

into an intracellular signal

Principles of Biology II (7 decks)

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