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Z BIO II Exam #1 > Chapter 38 > Flashcards

Chapter 38 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four major tissue types?

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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2
Q

What is the study of tissue called?

A

Histology

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3
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissue

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4
Q

Epithelial tissue general appearance?

A

sheet-like layer of cells

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5
Q

General locations of epithelial tissue?

A

i. covers exposed surfaces (skin)
ii. covers surfaces of internal organs
iii. lines cavities & ducts within the body

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6
Q

General function of epithelial tissue?

A

i. protects body surfaces from abrasion & infection
ii. secretes/absorbs various substances

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7
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified/arranged?

A

(1) cell arrangement
(2) cell morphology (shape)

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8
Q

Epithelium arrangement types?

A

i. simple – single layer of cells
ii. stratified – multiple layers of cells

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9
Q

Epithelium morphology/shapes?

A

i. squamous – flattened
ii. cuboidal – square-like
iii. columnar – rectangular

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10
Q

What are the major types of epithelial tissues?

A

a. simple squamous
b. simple cuboidal
c. simple columnar
d. stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

Simple squamous epithelium:
Function?
Location?

A

i. function: allows for diffusion
ii. location: blood vessel walls; air-sac of lungs

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12
Q

Simple cuboidal:
Function?
Location?

A

i. function: secretion/absorption
ii. location: glands; tubular part of nephrons (kidney)

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13
Q

Simple columnar:
Function?
Location?

A

i. function: secretion/absorption
ii. location: lining of gut & respiratory tract

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14
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium:
Function?
Location?

A

i. function: protects against abrasion
ii. location: skin, mouth, esophagus & vagina

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15
Q

Connective tissue function?

A

i. supports other body tissues
ii. transmits mechanical & other forces

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16
Q

General features of connective tissue?

A

i. Consists of cells embedded in non-living ECM
ii. Many connective tissues feature the proteins collagen and/or elastin (which is more pliable than collagen)

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17
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

loose connective tissue
dense (fibrous) connective tissue
adipose tissue
cartilage
bone
blood

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18
Q

What is considered connective tissue proper?

A

loose connective tissue
dense (fibrous) connective tissue
adipose tissue

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19
Q

Loose connective tissue:
Description?
Function?
Location?

A

loose connective tissue: fibroblasts (and other cells) surrounded by collagen & elastin
1. function: supports elasticity; diffusion
2. location: under skin & most epithelia; around blood vessels, nerves & some
internal organs

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20
Q

Dense (fibrous) connective tissue:
Description?
Function?
Location?

A

dense (fibrous) connective tissue: long rows of fibroblasts surrounded by collagen &
elastin fibers in parallel bundles
1. function: strength; elasticity
2. location: tendons; ligaments

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21
Q

Adipose tissue:
Description?
Function?
Location?

A

adipose tissue: large, tightly packed adipocytes with little ECM
1. function: energy reserves; insulation; padding
2. location: under skin; around heart; kidneys

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22
Q

Cartilage:
Description?
Function?
Location?

A

cartilage: chondrocytes embedded in a pliable, solid matrix of collagen & chondroitin
sulfate
1. function: support; flexibility; low-friction surface for joints
2. location: ends of long bones; ears; nose; parts of airways; skeleton of vertebrate
embryos

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23
Q

Blood:
Description?
Function?
Location?

Study These Flashcards
A

blood: leukocytes (white blood cells); erythrocytes (red blood cells); platelets all
suspended in plasma
1. function: transport of substances
2. location: circulatory system

24
Q

Bone:
Description?
Function?
Location?

Study These Flashcards
A

bone: osteocytes in a matrix of collagen & glycoproteins hardened in hydroxyapatite
1. function: movement; support; protection
2. location: bones of vertebrate skeleton

25
What is the most notable feature of muscle tissue? By what means to they achieve this mechanism?
Muscle tissue: features cells that contract due to actin & myosin proteins
26
Three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle
27
Skeletal muscle description: Function? Location?
skeletal muscle: bundles of long, cylindrical, striated, contractile, multinucleate cells called muscle fibers 1. function: locomotion; movement of body parts 2. location: attached to bones of skeleton
28
Cardiac muscle description: Function? Location?
cardiac muscle: interlinked network of short & branched striated cells; intercalated disks 1. function: pumping of blood within circulatory system 2. location: wall of heart
29
Smooth muscle description: Function? Location?
smooth muscle: loose network of contractile cells with tapered ends 1. function: movement of internal organs 2. location: wall of internal organs
30
Two cells types in nervous tissue?
Neuron and glia (neuroglia)
31
Function of neuron? Structure of neuron?
neuron: cell that serves as the line of communication between body parts 1. Know these cellular structures: nucleus, cell body (soma), dendrites, axon & axon termini
32
How many organ systems in body?
11
33
Functions of organ systems?
Acquiring, processing & distributing nutrients throughout the body; eliminating wastes. Synthesizing basic biological molecules required for structure and function. Sensing & responding to changes in the environment. Protecting the body against injury or attack, be it large (predator) or small (infection). Reproduction & nourishment of offspring.
34
Name all the organ systems?
1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. muscular 4. nervous 5. digestive 6. endocrine 7. pulmonary 8. circulatory 9. excretory/urinary 10. immune 11. reproductive systems (male and female)
35
Nervous system: Structures? Functions?
Nervous system: Structures: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves & sensory organs Functions: regulatory system senses changes in environment (internal/external) decision-making coordinates body’s responses
36
Endocrine system: Structures? Functions?
Endocrine system: Structures: pituitary(brain), hypothalamus (brain), thyroid, adrenal, pancreas & other hormone-secreting glands [pineal gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, uterus, testes.] Functions: regulates & coordinates body activities through hormone secretions
37
Excretory (urinary) system: Structures? Functions?
Excretory (Urinary) system: Structures: kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra Functions: removes & eliminate excess water, ions & other waste products from the body regulates internal osmotic balance & pH Helps regulate blood pressure
38
Muscular system: Structures? Functions?
Muscular system: Structures: skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle Functions: moves body parts facilitates body functions (eg., digestion) generates heat
39
Female reproductive system: Structures? Functions?
Female reproductive system: Structures: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina & mammary glands Functions: responsible for feminine characteristics facilitates reproduction
40
Skeletal system: Structures? Functions?
Skeletal system: Structures: bones, tendons, ligament & cartilage Functions: supports & protects body parts provides leverage for body movements stores minerals
41
Male reproductive system: Structures? Functions?
Male reproductive system: Structures: testes, sperm ducts, accessory glands, penis Functions: responsible for masculine characteristics facilitates reproduction
42
Integumentary system: Structures? Functions?
Integumentary system: Structures: skin, sweat glands, hair & nails Functions: covers external body surfaces protects against injury/infection helps regulate water content (prevents evaporation) maintains body temperature (prevents heat-loss)
43
Circulatory system: Structures? Functions?
Circulatory system: Structures: heart, blood vessels & blood Functions: distributes water, nutrients, oxygen, hormones & other substances via blood throughout the body carries away CO2 (carbon dioxide) & other metabolic waste helps stabilize internal temperature & pH
44
Immune system: Structures? Functions?
Immune system: Structures: lymph nodes, lymph ducts, spleen (not shown), thymus (not shown), bone marrow (not shown) & white blood cells Functions: defends against pathogenic (disease-causing) microbes like bacteria & viruses circulates interstitial fluids
45
Respiratory system: Structures? Functions?
Respiratory system: Structures: lungs, diaphragm, trachea & airway structures Functions: exchanges gases with the environment – uptake of O2 (oxygen) & release of CO2 (carbon dioxide)
46
Digestive system: Structures? Functions?
Digestive system: Structures: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, rectum & anus Functions: converts ingested foods into molecules/ions that can be absorbed into the body eliminates undigested food stuffs regulates water content
47
What is the regulation of the internal environment to maintain stable conditions is called?
Homeostasis
48
What is homeostasis
definition: regulation of the internal environment to maintain stable conditions
49
What factors does does homeostasis control?
factors maintained include: nutrients; oxygen; carbon dioxide; waste; H2O; salt; pH; volume/pressure of plasma; & temperature
50
Factors under homeostatic control are said to be in a ____ ____ ____?
dynamic steady state
51
What is negative feedback? Example?
a change in a factor triggers a response to oppose the change & restore the factor to normal by moving the factor in the opposite direction of its initial change Eg., during hypothermia, the body conserves heat via vasoconstriction of the periphery & shivers
52
What is positive feedback? Example?
intensify or add to the change Eg., blood clotting; pregnancy contractions
53
What is the basic negative feedback pathway?
Basic negative feedback pathway: stimulus--> sensor --> integrator --> effector(s) --> compensatory response --> environmental condition returned to set point
54
What is ECF? Function? What comprises it?
The extracelluar fluid (ECF) plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis ECF = plasma + interstitial fluid
55
Plasma?
the fluid portion of blood
56
Interstitial fluid?
the fluid that surrounds the cell
57
What is the 60-40-20 rule?
The 60-40-20 rule: about 60% of the body is liquid 40% of the body weight is liquid within the intracellular compartment 20% of the body weight is liquid within the extracellular compartment

Z BIO II Exam #1 (7 decks)

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