Chapter 38

Question 1

what helps angiosperms reproduce sexually with distant members of their own species?

Answer 1

insects

Question 2

how do angiosperms lure insects?

Answer 2

-with nectar; both plant and pollinator benefit

Question 3

true or false:

angiosperms can reproduce sexually and asexually

Answer 3

true

Question 4

what are plant lifecycles characterized by?

Answer 4

the alternation between a multicellular haploid (n) and a multicellular diploid (2n) generation

Question 5

diploid sporophytes (2n) produce_____ by ______; these grow into ______ gametophytes

Answer 5

spores (n) by meiosis ; these grow into haploid gametophytes

Question 6

gametophytes produce ____ gametes by ____

Answer 6

• haploid

- mitosis

Question 7

fertilization of gametes produces…

Answer 7

a sporphyte

Question 8

what are the four floral organs of the flowers?

Answer 8

1. sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

Question 9

which of the four organs of the flowers are sterile and which are reproductive?

Answer 9

1. stamens and carpels are reproductive

2. sepals and petals are sterile

Question 10

what are the reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporphytle

Answer 10

flowers

Question 11

anther

Answer 11

• this tops the stamen and has pollen sacs that produce pollen

Question 12

what makes up the carpel

Answer 12

a long style and a stigma at the end on which pollen may land

Question 13

what is at the base of the style?

Answer 13

an ovary containing one or more ovules

Question 14

pistil

Answer 14

a single carpel or group of fused carpels

Question 15

complete flowers

Answer 15

contain all four floral organs

Question 16

incomplete flowers

Answer 16

lack one or more floral organs

Question 17

inflorescences

Answer 17

clusters of flowers

Question 18

where does pollen develop?

Answer 18

from microspores within the microsporangia, or pollen sacs of anthers

Question 19

each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce what two cells?

Answer 19

1. the generative cell

2. the tube cell

Question 20

a pollen grain contains what?

Answer 20

1. the two-celled male gametophyte

2. the spore wall

Question 21

pollen grain produces what that grows down into the ovary and discharges two sperm cells near the embryo sac?

Answer 21

pollen tube

Question 22

where does the embryo sac develop?

Answer 22

within the ovule

Question 23

what is there to know about what happens in the ovule?

Answer 23

• two integuments surround a megasporangium
• one cell in the megasporangium undergoes meiosis, producing four megaspores, only one of which survive
• the megaspore divides, producing a large cell with eight nuclei
• the cell is partitioned into a multicellular female gametophyte, the embryo sac

Question 24

megasporangium

Answer 24

A plant structure in which megaspores are formed

Question 25

what are the different ways of pollination

Answer 25

by wind, water, or animals

Question 26

coevolution

Answer 26

the evolution of interacting species in response to change in each other

Question 27

double fertilization

Answer 27

discharge of two sperm from the pollen tube into the embryo sac -one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the polar nuclei, giving rise to the food storing endosperm

Question 28

what happens after double fertilization

Answer 28

each ovule develops into a seed | -the ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seed

Question 29

does endosperm development usually precede or follow embryo development

Answer 29

precede

Question 30

the food reserves of the endosperm can do what two things

Answer 30

1. In most monocots and some eudicots, endosperm stores nutrients that can be used by the seedling 2. In other eudicots, the food reserves of the endosperm are exported to the cotyledon

Question 31

what happens in the first mitotic division of the zygote?

Answer 31

-The first mitotic division of the zygote splits the fertilized egg into a basal cell and a terminal cell • The basal cell produces a multicellular suspensor, which anchors the embryo to the parent plant • The terminal cell gives rise to most of the embryo • The cotyledons form and the embryo elongates

Question 32

seed coat

Answer 32

a hard and protective covering that the embryo and its food supply are enclosed by -then the seed enters a state of dormancy

Question 33

hypocotyl

Answer 33

the embryonic axis below the cotyledons

Question 34

radicle

Answer 34

embryonic root

Question 35

epicotyl

Answer 35

above the cotyledons

Question 36

cotyledons

Answer 36

seed leaves | *such as the two parts of beans or the two parts of peanuts

Question 37

what does seed dormancy increase the chances of?

Answer 37

germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling -breaking of seed dormancy requires environmental cues such as temperature or lighting changes

Question 38

imbibition

Answer 38

the uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed -germination depends on imbibition

Question 39

what is the seedling development (or germination) process?

Answer 39

- the embryonic root emerges first - next, the shoot tip breaks through the soil surface - (in many eudicots) a hook forms in the hypocotyl, and growth pushes the hook above ground - Light causes the hook to straighten and pull the cotyledons and shoot tip up

Question 40

a fruit develops from what?

Answer 40

from the ovary | -it protects the enclosed seeds and aids in seed dispersal by wind or animals

Question 41

what classifies a fruit as dry or fleshy

Answer 41

A fruit may be classified as dry, if the ovary dries out at maturity, or fleshy, if the ovary becomes thick, soft, and sweet at maturity

Question 42

what are the three classifications for plants based on their developments

Answer 42

1. simple, a single or several fused carpels 2. aggregate- a single flower with multiple separate carpels 3. multiple, a group of flowers called an inflorescence

Question 43

why do plants prefer sexual reproduction rather than asexual

Answer 43

-sexual reproduction produced genetically different offspring which allows for more diversity and less occurrence of "bad traits"

Question 44

fragmentation

Answer 44

separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants, is a very common type of asexual reproduction

Question 45

apomixis

Answer 45

the sexual production of seeds from a diploid cell

Question 46

vegetative reproduction

Answer 46

another term for asexual reproduction

Question 47

dioecious

Answer 47

species that have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants **others have stamen and carpels that mature at different times or are arranged to prevent selfing

Question 48

self-incompatibility

Answer 48

a plants ability to reject its own pollen

Question 49

adventitious roots

Answer 49

roots which develop from stems.

Question 50

callus

Answer 50

a mass of dividing undifferentiated cells that forms where a stem is cut and produces adventitious roots

Question 51

transgenic plants

Answer 51

genetically modified to express a gene from another organism

Question 52

protoplast fusion

Answer 52

used to create hybrid plants by fusing protoplasts, plant cells with their cell walls removed

Question 53

what are the two meanings of plant biotechnology

Answer 53

– In a general sense, it refers to innovations in the use of plants to make useful products – In a specific sense, it refers to use of GM organisms in agriculture and industry

Question 54

biofuels

Answer 54

-made by the fermentation and distillation of plant materials such as cellulose • Biofuels can be produced by rapidly growing crops such as switchgrass and poplar • Biofuels would reduce the net emission of CO2, a greenhouse gas

Question 55

what is the concern of GMO's

Answer 55

-One concern is that genetic engineering may transfer allergens from a gene source to a plant used for food -Many ecologists are concerned that the growing of GM crops might have unforeseen effects on nontarget organisms -Perhaps the most serious concern is the possibility of introduced genes escaping into related weeds through crop-to-weed hybridization; This could result in “superweeds” that would be resistant to many herbicide

Question 56

what does the macronutrients magnesium, calcium, and sulfer do in plants?

Answer 56

magnesium- participates in metabolic processes of other nutrients uptake, and Promotes proper plant cell elongation. sulfur- used in the formation of amino acids, proteins, and oils. It is necessary for chlorophyll formation