Chapter 38 - Nervous And Sensory Systems

Question 1

Nerve net

Answer 1

A diffuse network of neurons that conducts impulses in all directions from a point of stimulus.

Question 2

Nerve

Answer 2

Transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord and impulses from these to the muscles and organs.

Question 3

Cephalization

Answer 3

Evolutionary trend in which, over many generations, the mouth, sense organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated at the front end of an animal, producing a head region.

Question 4

Ganglia

Answer 4

Mass of nerve tissue, a group of nerve cells.

Question 5

Two components of the central nervous system

Answer 5

The brain stem and spinal cord

Question 6

Examples of reflex response

Answer 6

When the knee is struck and the leg swings involuntarily

Same situation for the elbow and forearm

Question 7

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid? Where is it found?

Answer 7

It acts as a cushion for our brain and spinal cord. Supplies nutrients to the nervous system. Also removes waste from the cerebral metabolism. It is found in the central canal and the ventricles.

Question 8

Distinguish between grey and white matter.

Answer 8

Grey: contains the cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals of a neuron. This is where all the synapses are.

White: made of axons connecting different parts of grey matter to each other

Question 9

What are the specialized support cells that have other functions, including myelination, structure support, and protection?

Answer 9

Glia

Question 10

What’s makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? What is the function of the PNS?

Answer 10

Everything except the cranial and spinal nerves are what make up the PNS. The function is to move information from the CNS to the rest of the body

Question 11

What is dubbed the “voluntary nervous system”?

Answer 11

The motor system

Question 12

What is dubbed the “involuntary?”

Answer 12

Autonomic nervous system

Question 13

What would be the effect of stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system on heart rate?

Answer 13

It would raise the heart rate.

Question 14

What would be the effect of stimulation by the parasympathetic nervous system on peristalsis?

Answer 14

It would ease it and make it rest

Question 15

Which division of the autonomic nervous system would likely be activated if you learned that an exam you had forgotten about were to start in 5 minutes?

Answer 15

The sympathetic division would likely be activated. It mediates the flight or fight response. This means that the vasoconstriction of many blood vessels will occur.

Question 16

Brainstem (pons,medulla)

Answer 16

Pons connects upper and lower parts of the brain, helps relay messages front the cortex to the cerebellum, also plays a key roll in REM

Medulla carries out and regulates life sustaining functions such as heart rate and breathing.

Question 17

Cerebrum

Answer 17

The cerebrum is what is made up from the 4 cortexes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)

Question 18

Cerebellum

Answer 18

Responsible for balance and coordination of muscles and the body also responsible for fine motor functions.

Question 19

Thalamus

Answer 19

Responsible for relaying information from the sensory receptors to proper areas of the brain where it can be processed

Question 20

Hypothalamus

Answer 20

Responsible for behaviors such as hunger and thirst, as well as the maintenance of body temp. Also a key role in connections of the endocrine system and the CNS

Question 21

Frontal lobe

Answer 21

Reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, decision making, problem solving.

Question 22

Temporal lobe

Answer 22

Perception/recognition of auditory stimuli
Memory
Speech

Question 23

Parietal lobe

Answer 23

Movement
Orientation
Recognition
Perception of stimuli

Question 24

Occipital lobe

Answer 24

Visual processing

Question 25

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 25

``` Receptors in skin and other organs to sense touch Tactile corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Lamellar corpuscle Bulbous corpuscle ```

Question 26

Chemo receptors

Answer 26

Can detect changes in pH of spinal fluid Located in the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata Taste buds

Question 27

EM receptors

Answer 27

A neurological receptor that responds to light electricity and magnetism Photoreceptors respond to light Electroreceptors detect electrical energy

Question 28

Thermoreceptors

Answer 28

Located in the dermis skeletal liver hypothalamus | Includes 2 types of receptors that signal innocuous warmth and cooling respectively

Question 29

Pain receptors

Answer 29

3 types of pain receptor Mechanical Thermal Chemical

Question 30

What is perception?

Answer 30

The cognitive illusion are assumed to arise by interaction with assumptions about the worlds leading to "unconscious inferences"

Question 31

Statocysts

Answer 31

A type of mechanoreceptor that functions in equilibrium in invertebrates through the use of statoliths which stimulates hair cells in relation to gravity

Question 32

Statoliths

Answer 32

A grain or dense granule that settles in response to gravity and is found in sensory organs that function in equilibrium.

Question 33

Auditory canals

Answer 33

Collects sound waves and channels them to the tympanic membrane.

Question 34

Tympanic membrane

Answer 34

Membrane forming part of the organ of hearing, which vibrates in response to sound waves. It forms the eardrum between the outer and middle ear in higher vertebrates

Question 35

Malleus, incus, stapes

Answer 35

Malleus a small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus, the incus is an anvil shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes, the stapes is stirrup shaped and transmits sound from the incus to the cochlea.