Chapter 39

Question 1

Interstitial fluid

Answer 1

Allows for the movement of material in and out of cells

Question 2

Intracellular space and extra cellular space

Answer 2

Inside the cell

Outside the cell

Question 3

Four main categories of tissue

Answer 3

Epithial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 4

Epithelial tissue

Answer 4

Protection, transport, secretion and absorption of nutrients released by digestion of food

Question 5

Connective tissue

Answer 5

Structural support

Question 6

Muscle tissue

Answer 6

Movement

Question 7

Nervous tissue

Answer 7

Communication, coordination and control

Question 8

Where is the epithelial tissue

Answer 8

Outside the body and lines the organs and cavities within the bodies

Question 9

Shape of epithelial tissue

Answer 9

Cuboidial- like dice
Columnar - like bricks
Squamous - like floor tiles
Stratified - multiple tiers of cells

Question 10

Simple Squamous Epithelial

Description:
Locations:
Function:

Answer 10

Description: layer of flattened cells
Locations: blood vessel walls; air sacs of lungs
Function: diffusion

Question 11

Connective tissue - 3 proteins

Answer 11

Collagenous fibers -strength and flexibility
Elastic fibers - stretch and snap back to their original length
Reticular fibers - Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

Question 12

Stratified squamous epithelium

Description:
Common locations:
Function:

Answer 12

Description: several layers of flattened cells
Locations: skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina - areas to abrasion
Function: protection against abrasion

Question 13

Cuboidal epithelium

Description:
Common locations:
Function:

Answer 13

Description: layer of cube like cells
Common locations: glands and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys
Functions: secretion and absorption

Question 14

Columnar epithelium

Description:
Locations:
Function:

Answer 14

Description: layer of tall slender cells; free surface have microvilli

Locations: lining of gut and respiratory tract

Functions: secretion, absorption

Question 15

Connective tissue functions
What are the cells like?
What’s in the matrix ?

Answer 15

Binds and supports other tissues
Cells: sparsely packed scattered throughout an extra cellular matrix
Matrix: fibers in a liquid, jelly like solid foundation

Question 16

Connective tissue contains two cells

Answer 16

• fibroblasts - secrete the protein of extracellular fibers

- Macrophages - that are involved in the immune system

Question 17

Vertebrates 6 major types of connective tissue

Answer 17

• Loose connective tissue
• Fiborous connective tissue
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Andipose tissue
• Blood

Question 18

Loose connective tissue

Description:

Common locations:

Function:

Answer 18

Description: fibroblasts and other cells surrounded by collagen and elastin fibers forming a glycoprotein matrix

Location: under the skin and most epithelia

Functions: support, elasticity, diffusion

Question 19

Fiborous connective tissue

Description:
Location:
Function:

Answer 19

Description: long rows of fibroblasts surrounded by collagen and elastin fibers in parallel bundles with dense ecm

Location: tendons, ligaments

Function : strength and elasticity

Question 20

Connective tissue - Cartilage

Description:

Common locations:

Function:

Answer 20

Description: chondrocytes embedded in pliable, solid, matrix of collagen and chondrotin substrate

Location: ends of long bones, nose, airways, Skelton of vertebrate embryos

Function: support, flexibility, low friction surface for joint movement

Question 21

How does muscle tissue work?

Answer 21

Muscle tissue consists of long cells called
muscle fibers, which contract in response to
nerve signals

Question 22

3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 22

• Skeletal muscle: or striated muscle, is
  responsible for voluntary movement
  – Smooth muscle: is responsible for involuntary
  body activities
  – Cardiac muscle: is responsible for contraction
  of the heart

Question 23

What does nervous tissue do?

Answer 23

senses stimuli and transmits

signals throughout the animal

Question 24

Nervous tissue contains what?

Answer 24

-Neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve
impulses
– Glial cells, or glia, that help
nourish, insulate, and
replenish neurons

Question 25

WHat does coordination and control depend on?

Answer 25

The endocrine system and the nervous system

Question 26

How does the endocrine system work?

Answer 26

transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood • A hormone may affect one or more regions throughout the body • Hormones are relatively slow acting, but can have long-lasting effects

Question 27

How does the nervous system work?

Answer 27

The nervous system transmits information between specific locations • The information conveyed depends on a signal’s pathway, not the type of signal • Nerve signal transmission is very fast • Nerve impulses can be received by neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells

Question 28

What is a regulator?

Answer 28

A regulator uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation

Question 29

What is a conformer?

Answer 29

A conformer allows its internal condition to | vary with certain external changes

Question 30

What is homeostasis?

Answer 30

to maintain a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment Eg) • In humans, body temperature, blood pH, and glucose concentration are each maintained at a constant level

Question 31

Mechanisms of homeostasis?

Answer 31

Mechanisms of homeostasis moderate changes in the internal environment • For a given variable, fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a stimulus; these are detected by a sensor and trigger a response • The response returns the variable to the set point, but these can change with age or a change in environment