Chapter 4 Flashcards
(24 cards)
Language Shift
When speakers cease to use a minority language and instead adopt the majority language for ingroup use
Elite Multilingualism
multilingualism which is considered to be socially advantageous.
Plebeian multilingualism
multilingualism which is considered to be socially disadvantageous.
Code
- a variety of a language
- Intentionally neutral
Domain
a concept which refers to language use as determined by topic, setting and speakers, often used to discuss the choice of a particular variety of language.
Language maintance
the continued use of a minority language.
Ethnolinguistic vitality
the potential of a minority language to be maintained
Inter-sentential code-switching
one sentence in one language and another sentence in another language.
Intra-sentential code-switching
use of more than one language within the same sentence.
multilingual discourse
the use of linguistic elements from more than one variety in a conversation or text
Linguistic landscape
the visual display of languages throguh sings, billboards, advertisements, graffiti, and so on.
Diglossia
the use of two languages with strict separation by domains
Monoglossic ideology
the idea that languages are distinct entities and should be kept strictly separate in their use.
Pluralist ideology
a way of thinking in which all linguistic varieties, ways of speaking and ways of being are valued, not only mainstream or majority cultures and languages.
Ideology of normative monolingualism
the notion that the ideal (most competent) speaker of a language is a monolingual speaker of that language and that this is what we should all aspire to.
Paradox of multilingualism
multilingualism can be valued very highly or devalued very highly depending on the nature of the contact situation.
Accommodation
modifying one’s speech to be more similar to or different from the speech of the addressee or hearer
Communication accommodation theory
- Main focus: analysis of the ways that speakers change the way they speak depending on the person they are talking to (family member or boss).
- Speakers converge when they wish to reduce the social distance between one another, and diverge when they wish to emphasise their distinctiveness or increase the social distance.
Convergence
modifying one’s speech so that it resembles that of other interlocutors
Divergence
adjusting one’s language use to make it less like that of the interlocutors
Audience design
an approach to studying language variation based on the idea that speakers orient their speech based on their audience.
Unmarked language choice
the expected code for a particular situation
Marked language choice
the code that would normally not be expected.
Crossing
use of a variety associated with a group in which the speaker is not considered a member
