Chapter 4

Question 1

Socialization

Answer 1

A lifelong learning process that involves figuring out or being taught how to be a social person in a given society.

Question 2

Primary Socialization

Answer 2

The socialization that occurs during childhood.

Question 3

Secondary Socialization

Answer 3

The socialization that occurs later in life.

Question 4

Determinism

Answer 4

The degree to which an individuals behaviour, attitudes, and other personal characteristics are determined or caused by something specific.

Question 5

Biological Determinism

Answer 5

States that the greater part of who we are is determined by our roughly 26 000 genes.

Question 6

Id

Answer 6

Our unconscious and instinctive drives.

Question 7

Ego

Answer 7

The main agent of personality, driven by the id but restrained by the superego.

Question 8

Superego

Answer 8

The part of your mind that polices the id, conscience.

Question 9

Behaviourism

Answer 9

A school of thought in psychology that takes a strong cultural-determinist postition.

Question 10

Behaviour Modification

Answer 10

Shaping someone’s behaviour through rewards and punishments.

Question 11

Law of Effect

Answer 11

Rewarded behaviours will be reinforced while punished behaviour will be abandoned.

Question 12

Oversocialized

Answer 12

Assimilated too far into society.

Question 13

Agents of Socialization

Answer 13

Groups that have a significant impact on one’s socialization.

Question 14

Significant Others

Answer 14

Key individuals, primarily parents, siblings and friends, whom young children imitate and model themselves after.

Question 15

Generalized Others

Answer 15

Attitudes, viewpoints, and general expectations of the society into which a child is socialized.

Question 16

Preparatory Stage

Answer 16

Involves the imitation on the part of the child.

Question 17

Play Stage

Answer 17

The child engages in role-taking and assumes the perspective of significant others.

Question 18

Game Stage

Answer 18

The child is able to consider several roles and viewpoints simultaneously.

Question 19

Looking-glass Self

Answer 19

The idea that an individuals self-image is based on how a person thinks they are viewed by others.

Question 20

Peer Group

Answer 20

A social group sharing key characteristics such as age, social position and interests.

Question 21

Peer Pressure

Answer 21

The social force exerted on individuals by their peers to conform in behaviour, appearance, or externally demonstrated values.

Question 22

Risk Behaviours

Answer 22

Lifestyle activities that place a person at increased probability of suffering negative consequences.

Question 23

Observational Learning Theory

Answer 23

Children acquire aggressive scripts for solving social problems by watching violence on television.

Question 24

Desensitization Theory

Answer 24

Increased exposure to television violence desensitizes or numbs the natural negative reaction to violence.

Question 25

Habitus

Answer 25

A wide-ranging set of socially acquired characteristics.

Question 26

Reproduction

Answer 26

The means by which classes preserve status differences among classes.

Question 27

Secondary Socialization

Answer 27

Occurs during adolescence and early adulthood and takes place outside the family involving a group smaller than society.

Question 28

Resocialization

Answer 28

The process of unlearning old behaviours, attitudes, and values and learning new ones upon moving into a significantly different social environment.

Question 29

Voluntary Resocialization

Answer 29

When someone starts school, changes schools, starts a new job, etc.

Question 30

Involuntary Resocialization

Answer 30

When someone is force to change.