Chapter 4

Question 1

1. When studying gender, it is best to keep in mind that

A. gender and sex are the same things.
B. biological differences between the sexes dictate our gender stereotypes.
C. our perceptions of differences are much greater than actual differences.
D. hormone levels dictate most behaviors and emotions.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

2. Gender refers to ALL BUT WHICH ONE of the following male and female differences?

A. psychological differences
B. biological differences
C. cultural differences
D. political differences

Answer 2

B

Question 3

3. When studying gender, we find that

A. in all cultures males identify as male and females as female.
B. in all cultures people identify themselves as either males or females.
C. in all cultures gender identification is unclear until adulthood.
D. in some cultures people identify themselves as neither male nor female.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

4. The most common type of gender stratification is

A. matriarchy.
B. patriarchy.
C. egalitarianism.
D. gender polarization.

Answer 4

B

Question 5

5. Which category of people earns the most?

A. white females
B. black males
C. Hispanic males
D. Hispanic females

Answer 5

A

Question 6

6. People who are born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not fit the typical definition of male or female are referred to as

A. transsexual.
B. intersexed.
C. ambiguous.
D. polarized.

Answer 6

B

Question 7

7. People who identify with the gender opposite from their biological characteristics are referred to as

A. transsexual.
B. intersexed.
C. transvestites.
D. gender polarized.

Answer 7

A

Question 8

8. Lucy believes that all males are aggressive. This is an example of a

A. gender-role stereotype.
B. gender-role attitude.
C. gender-role behavior.
D. gender identity.

Answer 8

A

Question 9

9. _____ refer to the beliefs we have of ourselves and others regarding appropriate male and female personality traits and activities.

A. Gender roles
B. Gender-role stereotypes
C. Gender-role attitudes
D. Gender-role behaviors

Answer 9

C

Question 10

10. Actual activities we engage in as males and females are known as

A. gender roles.
B. gender-role stereotypes.
C. gender-role attitudes.
D. gender-role behaviors.

Answer 10

D

Question 11

11. _____ is(are) learned at a very young age and is(are) perhaps the deepest concept we hold of ourselves.

A. Gender role
B. Gender identity
C. Gender-role behavior
D. Sexual script

Answer 11

B

Question 12

12. Margaret Mead’s studies of the Arapesh and the Mundugumor of New Guinea revealed that

A. culture creates masculinity and femininity.
B. only men can be competitive, aggressive, and violent.
C. only women can be passive, cooperative, and nurturing.
D. biology creates masculinity and femininity.

Answer 12

A

Question 13

13. Until the last generation, a _____ was the dominant model used to explain male-female differences.

A. multifactor gender role
B. unipolar gender role
C. gender polarization model
D. continuum gender role

Answer 13

C

Question 14

14. When it comes to gender differences, our culture has taught us to

A. minimize their degree and significance.
B. exaggerate their degree and significance.
C. pretend they don’t exist.
D. try to eliminate them.

Answer 14

B

Question 15

15. Recent data indicate that women earn approximately _____ of what men earn.

A. two-thirds
B. three-fourths
C. eighty percent
D. ninety percent

Answer 15

B

Question 16

16. Gender theory

A. is based on the idea that socially perceived differences between the sexes are used to justify power relationships.
B. is based on the belief in “opposite” sexes.
C. asserts that love can be an antidote to power.
D. views women and men in families as being isolated from the larger society.

Answer 16

A

Question 17

17. _____ focuses on how different institutions bestow advantages on men.

A. Gender theory
B. Social learning theory
C. Cognitive development theory
D. none of the above

Answer 17

A

Question 18

18. The cornerstone of social learning theory is the belief that

A. consequences control behavior.
B. we learn differently depending on our age.
C. once children learn gender is permanent, they try to act “properly.”
D. the creation of gender inequality is based on polar opposites.

Answer 18

A

Question 19

19. Social learning theory represents a modification of the traditional behaviorist approach to include

A. unlearned stimuli.
B. unlearned responses.
C. punishment.
D. cognition.

Answer 19

D

Question 20

20. If a boy hears his brother being called a “sissy” because he likes to play with a doll, he is likely to expect that he too would be similarly taunted if he played with a doll. This is an application of _____ theory.

A. gender
B. social learning
C. cognitive development
D. transcendence

Answer 20

B

Question 21

21. Learning through imitation is known as

A. modeling.
B. channeling.
C. manipulation.
D. transcending.

Answer 21

A

Question 22

22. Cognitive development theory

A. stresses the importance of reinforcement in learning.
B. stresses the importance of age in learning.
C. stresses the importance of external motivation.
D. assumes that adults and children learn in basically the same way.

Answer 22

B

Question 23

23. According to Kohlberg, very young children base their identification of their gender on

A. superficial features such as hair length or clothing.
B. differences in genitals.
C. behavioral differences.
D. differences in the way adults react to them.

Answer 23

A

Question 24

24. According to cognitive development theory, children behave in a manner consistent with their cultural expectations for their gender because

A. of an internal need for congruence between what they know and how they act.
B. of the social structures put in place to maintain male dominance and female subservience.
C. on the basis of their observations of others, they expect that gender-consistent behavior will be reinforced.
D. they are biologically programmed to engage in these behaviors.

Answer 24

A

Question 25

25. Children are socialized in gender roles through all of the following processes EXCEPT A. transcendence. B. manipulation. C. activity exposure. D. channeling.

Answer 25

A

Question 26

26. When Heather directs her children’s attention to specific objects such as dolls for her daughter and trucks for her sons, she is engaging in A. manipulation. B. channeling. C. verbal appellation. D. activity exposure.

Answer 26

B

Question 27

27. The role of fathers in gender-role development A. is basically the same for sons as it is for daughters. B. involves pressure to behave in gender-appropriate ways. C. involves higher standards of achievement for daughters. D. is the same as the role of mothers.

Answer 27

B

Question 28

28. In terms of education, we find that A. girls excel in standardized reading and writing tests. B. boys earn more bachelor degrees. C. girls receive more attention in the classroom. D. girls are less liberal in their views both before and after having attended college.

Answer 28

A

Question 29

29. Classroom observations find all of the following EXCEPT A. teachers call on boys more often. B. teachers are more patient with boys during explanations. C. intelligent girls are often devalued by boys. D. girls are praised for the accuracy of their work.

Answer 29

D

Question 30

30. Research on the impact of teachers on gender role socialization has shown that A. girls tend to get more attention in elementary school because the vast majority of teachers are women. B. boys initially outperform girls in all elementary school subjects, but because their teachers expect them to be trouble-makers, they eventually conform to that role. C. girls are praised more for the appearance and neatness of their work. D. girls in all-girl schools do more poorly than girls in coed schools.

Answer 30

C

Question 31

31. In order to be accepted by their peers children must A. model the behaviors of their teachers. B. provide intimate relationships. C. own the latest video games. D. adopt similar gender role attitudes, behaviors and beliefs as their friends.

Answer 31

D

Question 32

32. Between ages 8-18, children are exposed to media approximately how many hours per day? A. 2-3 B. 4-5 C. 6-7 D. 8-9

Answer 32

C

Question 33

33. All of the following are contexts of adult gender-role learning EXCEPT A. the family of orientation. B. marriage. C. parenthood. D. the workplace.

Answer 33

A

Question 34

34. _____ tend to believe in innate gender roles more than _____ do. A. Married men; single men B. Married women; single women C. Wives; husbands D. Husbands; wives

Answer 34

D

Question 35

35. Recently there has been an increase in the number of women choosing to remain childless. These women A. face no pressure to become mothers. B. are still under considerable pressure to become mothers. C. are accepted by peers but rejected by family. D. have difficulty finding a husband.

Answer 35

B

Question 36

36. Central features of the traditional male role include all of the following EXCEPT A. dominance. B. work. C. breadwinning D. cooperation

Answer 36

D

Question 37

37. Employment is an integral, normative, and traditional component of being a wife and mother for A. white women. B. Latina women. C. African-American women. D. Chinese women.

Answer 37

C

Question 38

38. When it comes to expressing feelings, A. contemporary men and women both have difficulty expressing feelings. B. men are now very comfortable expressing their feelings and do it with ease. C. men continue to have greater difficulty expressing their feelings than women do. D. women and men express their feelings with equal ability.

Answer 38

C

Question 39

39. Latina women display higher levels of marital satisfaction and less depression when their husbands A. share their feelings more often. B. share more of the domestic work. C. earn more money than they do. D. earn less money than they do.

Answer 39

B

Question 40

40. _____ is a term that denotes that in economic, as well as many social and political ways, men are advantaged. A. Gender stratification B. Sex stratification C. Male-female social hierarchy D. Male-female social pyramid

Answer 40

A

Question 41

41. Mothers who are employed full time come home to a “second shift” which refers to A. housework and childcare. B. focusing on nurturing their husbands. C. involvement in community activities. D. additional paid labor after their normal working day.

Answer 41

A

Question 42

42. Contemporary gender roles A. continue to limit our potential. B. have significantly changed stereotypes related to gender traits. C. have facilitated more freedom for men regarding work. D. are making our potential as men and women limitless.

Answer 42

A

Question 43

43. Dr. Fritschner advocates more radical, separatist strategies for women because she believes that their subordination is too embedded in the existing social system. Dr. Fritschner is a _____ feminist. A. social B. gender-reform C. gender-rebellion D. gender-resistant

Answer 43

D

Question 44

44. Central to a pro-feminist men’s movement is the issue of A. fairness. B. more opportunities for men. C. more opportunities for women. D. more rights for gay and lesbian couples.

Answer 44

A

Question 45

45. Pro-feminist men believe all of the following EXCEPT A. that men ought to share responsibilities within their households. B. that women and men ought to be equal partners. C. that all wives should work at least part-time. D. that men and children would both benefit from closer connections between fathers and their children.

Answer 45

C

Question 46

46. The traditional white female gender role A. centers around women’s roles as wives and mothers. B. facilitates self-confidence and mental health. C. contributes to greater happiness among married women than unmarried women. D. expects women to defer marriage for work goals.

Answer 46

A

Question 47

47. _____ tends to emphasize overlapping and interrelated inequalities of gender, sexual orientation, race, and class. A. Gender-reform feminism B. Gender-rebellion feminism C. Gender-resistant feminism D. Social feminism

Answer 47

B

Question 48

48. Hegemonic models of gender are A. held up as the standard for all women and men to emulate. B. the same over time. C. the same for all cultures. D. never challenged.

Answer 48

A

Question 49

49. According to Sandra Bem, in the U.S. there is a belief that males and females are fundamentally different. She calls this assumption A. opposites ideology. B. differences ideology. C. gender polarization. D. polarization of the sexes.

Answer 49

C

Question 50

50. The primary agents forming our gender roles are A. the media. B. parents. C. peers. D. teachers.

Answer 50

B