Chapter 4

Question 1

Solvent verses solute:

Answer 1

The solvent is the greater number of moles while the solute is the smaller number of moles.

Question 2

Concentration:

Answer 2

The amount of solute in a solvent or solution

Question 3

Mass to volume:

Answer 3

Such as mg/L or M (g/L)

Question 4

What is a stock solution?

Answer 4

It is the concentrated form of a solution from a company which the scientist will use to create a diluted solution (M initial of V initial)

Question 5

What does Beer’s Law say and what is its eqation?

Answer 5

It says that absorbance (A) is directly proportional to concentration (c).
A = Ebc Eb= slope

Question 6

What is an electolyte?

Answer 6

It is a solute that imparts electrical conductivity to an aqueous solution. All Ions are electrolytes.

Question 7

What is a strong electolyte?

Answer 7

A strong electrolyte may be a strong acid or a strong base.
A strong electrolyte disassociates completely into its ions.

Question 8

What is a weak electrolyte?

Answer 8

A weak electrolyte is a compound in which not all of its molecules completely disassociate into its ions.

Question 9

What are the Bronsten-Lowry definitions of acids and bases?

Answer 9

Acid is a proton donor
Base is a proton acceptor
Proton = H+ = H3O+

Question 10

What is a neutralization reaction? How are this reaction’s products predicted?

Answer 10

It is an acid base reaction. This reaction produces a salt (metal + nonmetal) and water.
The products of this reaction switch negative partners and the cation is written first.

Question 11

What don’t you do in an overall ionic equation?

Answer 11

You do not disassociate liquids or solids because they would not disassociate in an aq solution.

Question 12

What is a strong acid? What are the strong acids?

Answer 12

Strong acids disassociate completely in water. They are determined by the amount of H+.
Hydrochloric acid: HCl, Hydrobromic acid: HBr, Hydroiodic acid: HI, Nitric acid: HNO3, Sulfuric acid: H2SO4, Perchloric acid: HClO4.

Question 13

What is a strong base? How do you determine what is a strong base?

Answer 13

A strong base disassociates completely in water.
Strong bases are Group 1&2 elements plus hydroxide (OH-). (ie LiOH, Lithium Hydroxide)

Question 14

Amphiprotic:

Answer 14

Compound capable of acting as a acid and a base (ie H2O with equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions)

Question 15

What formulas are used for neuralization reactions and dilution reactions, how are they different, and why?

Answer 15

N: MaVa/coefficient = MbVb/coefficient
D: M1V1=M2V2
The neutralization reaction is divided by the coefficient because this reaction involves mole to mole.

Question 16

What are the oxidation number (O.N.) Rules?

Answer 16

1. In neutral molecule O.N. sum equals zero, in ion O.N. sum equals charge of the ion
2. In each atom of a pure element O.N. equals zero
3. In monatomic ion O.N. equals the charge on the ion
4. Fluorine O.N. is -1 in all compounds
5. Hydrogen O.N. = +1, Oxygen O.N. = -2 in most compounds
6. Br and Cl O.N. numbers equal -1 unless combined with O or F

Question 17

What are the diatomic molecules?

Answer 17

Fluorine, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Hydrogen, and Helium

Question 18

What are the units of Molarity?

Answer 18

M= mol/L

Question 19

What is the purpose of a titration?

Answer 19

To measure the volume of reactants, that is, to find an unknown concentration

Question 20

What does a titrant do?

Answer 20

A titrant is used to neutralize a solution

Question 21

What is a standard solution?

Answer 21

It is a solution of known concentration used as a titrant

Question 22

What is the equivalence point of a titration?

Answer 22

When the number of moles of standard solution equals the number of moles of the unknown concentration
The equivalence point is the end point

Question 23

What is the end point of a titration?

Answer 23

Point where indicator changes color, this occurs when the moles of unknown solution are consumed.

Question 24

What is the end point of a titration?

Answer 24

Point where indicator changes color, this occurs when the moles of unknown solution are consumed.