Chapter 4

Question 0

Neuron situated in a dorsal root ganglion just outside the spinal cord, afferent

Answer 0

Sensory

Question 1

Neuron situated in the anterior horns of spinal cord, efferent

Answer 1

Motor neuron

Question 2

Bundle of fibers enclosed within a connective tissue sheath, for transmission of impulses

Answer 2

Nerves

Question 3

Total number of spinal nerves

Answer 3

31

Question 4

Connection between neurons

Answer 4

Synapse

Question 5

An excitatory stimulus

Answer 5

Facilitation

Question 6

An inhibitory stimulus

Answer 6

Inhibition

Question 7

Sensory receptors (2)

Answer 7

1) exteroceptors

2) interoceptors

Question 8

Receptors Stimulated by body movements, transmits information to cns

Answer 8

Proprioceptors

Question 9

Two primary categories of proprioceptors

Answer 9

1) muscle

2) joint and skin receptors

Question 10

Muscle proprioceptors: located in muscle belly, parallel with fibers

Answer 10

Muscle spindles

Question 11

Muscle proprioceptors: when stretched, sensory nerve sends impulses to CNS, which activates the motor neurons facilitating contraction of the same muscle

Answer 11

Muscle spindles

Question 12

“Regular” muscle fibers

Answer 12

Extrafusal

Question 13

Muscle fibers inside spindles

Answer 13

Intrafusal

Question 14

Two types of nerve endings in spindles

Answer 14

1) primary/ annulospiral endings

2) flower spray endings

Question 15

Nerve endings in spindle: coiled around non-contractile midsection, sensitive to velocity of change (phasic), sharp decline in impulses with static length change

Answer 15

Annulospiral endings

Question 16

Nerve endings in spindle: at end of non-contractile midsection, respond to static muscle length, impulses directly proportional to change in length

Answer 16

Flower spray endings

Question 17

Neurons that stimulate the intrafusal fibers to contract, shortening the muscle spindle

Answer 17

Gamma motor neurons

Question 18

Muscle proprioceptors: embedded “ in series” in the tendon, as tension in tendon increases it activates, signals CNS to relax muscle

Answer 18

Golgi tendon organ

Question 19

Joint and skin proprioceptors: in regions around joint capsules, ligaments, and tendon sheaths, activated by joint angle changes and pressure

Answer 19

Pacinian corpuscles

Question 20

Joint and skin proprioceptors: in deep layers of skin and joint capsule, activated by mechanical deformation, stimulated strongly by sudden joint movement, sense joint position and changesin joint angle

Answer 20

Ruffini endings

Question 21

3 cutaneous receptors:

Answer 21

1) meissner corpuscles
2) pacinian corpuscles
3) free nerve endings

Question 22

Cutaneous receptors: touch

Answer 22

Meissner corpuscles

Question 23

Cutaneous receptors: pressure

Answer 23

Pacinian corpuscles

Question 24

Cutaneous receptors: pain

Answer 24

Free nerve endings

Question 25

System concerned with sense of balance that consists of utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals

Answer 25

Labyrinthine

Question 26

Labyrinthine and neck proprioceptors: sensitive to linear acceleration and head position with respect to gravity

Answer 26

Utricle

Question 27

Labyrinthine and neck proprioceptors: sensitive to angular acceleration, three canals oriented indifferent planes at right angles to each other

Answer 27

Semicircular canals

Question 28

Labyrinthine and neck proprioceptors: sensitive to angle between the body and the head, prevents labyrinthine proprioceptors from producing feeling of imbalance

Answer 28

Joint receptors of the neck

Question 29

A specific pattern of response without volition from the cerebrum, stimulus - receptor organ - sensory neuron - motor neuron - muscle ( response)

Answer 29

Reflex movement

Question 30

stimulus - pressure receptor- pacinian corpuscles response - contraction of the extensor muscles of that limb

Answer 30

extensor thrust reflex (exteroceptive reflex)

Question 31

stimulus - pain, noxious stimuli receptor - free nerve endings response - quick withdrawal from source of pain

Answer 31

flexor reflex, exteroceptive reflex

Question 32

stimulus - flexor reflex or un-weighting | response - opposite extensors contract for support

Answer 32

corssed extensor reflex

Question 33

a reflex contraction of stretched muscle and synergists and relaxation of antagonists

Answer 33

stretch reflex

Question 34

stimulus - high velocity stretch receptor - annulospiral endings of muscle spindle response - facilitates proportional contraction of stretched muscle

Answer 34

phasic response

Question 35

stimulus - slow sustained stretch receptor- flow spray endings of muscle spindle response - gamma efferent system rests spindle tension using intrafusal fiber contraction or relaxation

Answer 35

tonic response

Question 36

stim - high level of stretch, due to muslce stretch or muscle contraction receptor - golgi tendon organ response - relaxation of stretched muscle and facilitation of antagonist

Answer 36

tendon relex

Question 37

stim - head not upright with respect to graity recep - utricle and semicircular canals response - bring the head to the upright position --is integrated with movements ofthe arms and les as described in the tonic neck and labyrinthine reflexes

Answer 37

righting reflex

Question 38

tonic neck reflex: stim- head/neck flexion/hyper extension receptor - neck receptors response - h/n flexion facilitates upper extremity fleion, or hyperextension

Answer 38

symmetrical

Question 39

tonic neck reflex: stim - head/neck rotatoin receptor - neck receptors response - h/n rotation facilitates upper extremity chin side ab/ and extension, back of head side adduction and flexion

Answer 39

asymmetricl response

Question 40

CNS level of control: where consciousness occurs, initiation of voluntary movement

Answer 40

erebral cortex

Question 41

CNS level of control: responsible for homeostasis, coordination and some learned acts of posture

Answer 41

basal ganglia

Question 42

CNS level of control: key role in sensory integration, regulates timing and intensity of muscle contraction

Answer 42

cerebellum

Question 43

CNS level of control: arousal and monitoring of physiological parameters, key facilitory and inhibitory centers

Answer 43

brain stem

Question 44

CNS level of control: contains cell bodies of lower motor neurons, common pahtway between CNS & PNS, final point for integration and control

Answer 44

spinal cord

Question 45

the conscious awareness of position of body parts and the amt and rate of joint movement

Answer 45

kinesthesis