Chapter 4

Question 1

what is qualia

Answer 1

subjective experiences of sensation. qualitative experiences of your conscious state

Question 2

what is change blindness

Answer 2

when we are blind to large changes in our environment because we cannot attend to everything in the vast array of information possible.

Question 3

what is blindsight?

Answer 3

in blind people it is a phenomenon where they cannot see a stimulus, if you shine a light at them they wont see it, but they will be able to point to where it came from

Question 4

what is asomatognosia

Answer 4

“no body knowledge” the patient cannot recognize certain parts of their body as their own.

Question 5

can you have perception without sensation? what are two examples of this

Answer 5

yes. phantom limb and schizophrenia (hallucinations) are both examples of this.

Question 6

what is a coma

Answer 6

a persistent vegetative state. this happens when a person can maintain their vital functions but they have no consciousness.

Question 7

what is brain death

Answer 7

when the body can be kept alive by artificial means. but their brain has seized function - your cortex are not sending any signals to keep you alive

Question 8

what is sleep

Answer 8

a change in the level of consciousness

Question 9

how many stages of sleep are there

Answer 9

4, not including REM

Question 10

describe signs of stage 1 sleep

Answer 10

theta waves begin to show on an EEG, and you can easily be woken up.

Question 11

describe stage 2 of sleep

Answer 11

sleep spindles and K complexes begin to appear on the EEG. may respond to some events if there is a loud sound or lots of movement.

Question 12

what is stage 3 sleep.

Answer 12

frequency of waves goes down, much higher amplitude. difficult to arouse. delta wave activity, called slow wave sleep

Question 13

what is stage 4 sleep

Answer 13

continuation of stage 3 sleep, basically cannot wake them. delta wave activity, called slow wave sleep.

Question 14

what is rem sleep

Answer 14

when you rise through the levels of sleep, your brain paralyzes your muscles and your brain is basically awake - hence, dreaming. the EEG jumps back to low amplitude high frequency. increased heart rate, twitching hand, face, eyes.

Question 15

what is the repair and restoration theory about sleep?

Answer 15

at night, GH is released and growth happens at night while your body and brain get to rest.

Question 16

what is the consolidation of memories theory of sleep

Answer 16

memory requires a physical change to the wiring in your brain - this requires a lot of energy and basically debugging of your brain. this is done during sleep

Question 17

what is the safety/adaptive behaviour theory of sleep?

Answer 17

different animals sleep for different amounts of time depending on predator prey relationships and behaviour rhythms. we sleep at night cause night is dangerous.

Question 18

what is threat rehearsal theory of sleep and who proposed it

Answer 18

Revonso, we have dreams to prepare for real life situations.

Question 19

what parts of the brain are active while dreaming

Answer 19

brain stem (reticular activating system), various lobes of cerebral cortex, visual association areas, motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala

Question 20

what is the “master timekeeper” of our brain called

Answer 20

the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 21

what is endogenous attention

Answer 21

directing your own attention voluntarily

Question 22

what is exogenous attention

Answer 22

when the focus of your attention is driven by a stimulus or event

Question 23

what is priming

Answer 23

when the response to a stimulus is influenced or facilitated by recent experience with that stimulus or a related stimulus.

Question 24

what is subliminal perception

Answer 24

when stimuli are processed by sensory systems, but because of their short durations or subtlety they do not reach consciousness

Question 25

what is automatic processing

Answer 25

when a task is so well learned we can do it without any attention really

Question 26

what is controlled processing

Answer 26

slower than automatic processing, where you pay closer attention to the task at hand to ensure you are doing it right

Question 27

what is concentrative meditation

Answer 27

focusing on one thing, such as a breathing pattern, phrase, or mental image.

Question 28

what is mindfulness meditation

Answer 28

letting your thoughts flow freely. paying attention but not reacting to them.

Question 29

does meditation change the structure of the brain?

Answer 29

one study found that gray matter in the brain did not diminish in older adults who practiced meditation. however this is correlation, not causation

Question 30

what is flow

Answer 30

a kind of experience that is so engrossing and enjoyable that it is worth doing for its own sake even though ut may have no consequence outside itself. the activity is completely absorbing and satisfying it seems to happen automatically

Question 31

what is hypnosis

Answer 31

where a person responding to suggestions, experiences changes in memory, perception, and voluntary action.

Question 32

what is a post-hypnotic suggestion

Answer 32

where a hypnotist will suggest the participant do something and also suggest that they do not remember the suggestion

Question 33

what is the circadian rhythm

Answer 33

daily rhythm of our bodies hormone sleep/wake cycles

Question 34

what are beta waves

Answer 34

short, frequent, irregular brain signals that fire when people have many sources of sensory activity

Question 35

what are alpha waves

Answer 35

the waves that are produced when a person closes their eyes and relaxes. their brain activity slows and becomes more regular.

Question 36

why is it called REM sleep?

Answer 36

rapid eye movement - there is a sleeping body and an active brain.

Question 37

what is TBI - traumatic brain injury

Answer 37

impairment in mental functioning. caused by blow to head or sharp movement

Question 38

what is a minimally conscious state

Answer 38

when people who emerge from coma are able to make deliberate movements

Question 39

what is walefullness syndrome

Answer 39

where a patient has emerged from a coma but does not respond to external stimuli for more than a month

Question 40

what do psychoactive drugs cause

Answer 40

changes in mood. awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behaviour - change the brains neurochemistry by activating neurotransmitter systems

Question 41

what do stimulants do

Answer 41

increase behavioural and mental activity - stimulate the activity of the CNS and anf activate the Sympathetic NS (increase heart rate and blood pressure)

Question 42

what are potent stimulant examples

Answer 42

amphetamines (methamphetamine) and cocaine

Question 43

what are mild stimulant examples

Answer 43

caffeine and nicotine

Question 44

what do depressants do

Answer 44

decrease behavioural and mental activity

Question 45

what are examples of depressants

Answer 45

anti anxiety drugs, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol

Question 46

what do opioids do

Answer 46

reduce the experience of pain, bring pleasure

Question 47

what are examples of opioids

Answer 47

heroin, morphine, codeine

Question 48

what di hallucinogens/psychadelics do?

Answer 48

alter thoughts or perceptions

Question 49

whatare examples of hallucinogens/psychadelics

Answer 49

LSD, PCP, Peyote, psilcybin, magic mushrooms

Question 50

what are examples of combinations drugs

Answer 50

mdma and marijuana

Question 51

how do stimulants work

Answer 51

interfering with the normal reuptake of dopamine. allowing it to remain in the synapse snd have prolonged effects.

Question 52

why are opioids addictive? (dual physical effects)

Answer 52

increase pleasure by binding with opioid receptors and increase wanting of the drug by activating dopamine receptors.

Question 53

what is different about marijuana as compared to other drugs

Answer 53

it is a combination drug: stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen

Question 54

what is the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana

Answer 54

THC

Question 55

how is MDMA different as compared to other drugs

Answer 55

also combination: stimulant and hallucinogen.

Question 56

what is MDMA associated with

Answer 56

less dopamine activity, more seratonin.

Question 57

what kind of drug is alcohol and how does it worl

Answer 57

a depressant - inhibits neural activity by activating GABA receptors

Question 58

what is the LD50

Answer 58

lethal dose 50, the amount of drugs that you give to people that results in half of them dying.

Question 59

what are psychostimulants

Answer 59

increase activity of nervous system, increase overall activity especially motor activity. they are AGONISTS for various transmitters.

Question 60

what are general stimulants

Answer 60

caffeine and nicotine, caffeine is an ANTAGONIST, blocks the calming down of the NS to stop drowsiness.

Question 61

are opioids antagonists or agonists? and on what system

Answer 61

they are antagonists for the endogenous opioid systems

Question 62

is cannabis an agonist or antagonist, on what system?

Answer 62

agonist for endogenous cannabinoid system.