Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Subsystems involved in speech production and perception include:
A
- respiratory system
- phonatory system
- articulatory system
- auditory system
- nervous system
2
Q
Ability to speak depends on:
A
- steady outflow of air that is vibrated by vfs to produce a basic sound.
- would not be possible w.o respiratory system
3
Q
Pulmonary system includes:
A
-lungs and airways
4
Q
Chest-wall system is made up of:
A
- rib cage
- abdomen
- diaphragm
5
Q
Pulmonary can be divided into:
A
-upper and lower respiratory systems
6
Q
URS includes:
A
-oral and nasal cavities and pharynx
7
Q
LRS includes:
A
-larynx, bronchial system, and lungs.
8
Q
Structures of LRS made up of:
A
- trachea (lies directly behind larynx) has cilia filtering system to clean air going into lungs
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
- lungs
9
Q
Bronchial Tree
A
- branching system of hollow tubes that conduct air to and from lungs
- combo of cartilage and smooth muscle allows flexibility and support for trach.
- prevents trach from collapsing when - or + pressures exchange.
10
Q
Trachea divides into:
A
- mainstream bronchi:
- secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles.
- respiratory bronchioles open into alveolar ducts, leading into alveolar sacs. (think about blowing into balloon)
11
Q
Alveoli are involved in:
A
-exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide that is basis for respiration
12
Q
Interior structure of lungs:
A
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
- blood vessels
13
Q
Lungs are:
A
- very porous and elastic
- well-protected and housed in thoracic cavity
14
Q
Quiet tidal breathing vs. speech breathing
A
- quiet tidal breathing very small
- speech breathing passive and not very laborious.
15
Q
Inhale and exhale…%
A
inhale 40 exhale 60%
16
Q
Most important respiratory muscle:
A
- diaphragm
- works like ball game explained in class
- large dome-shaped muscles stretching from onside of rib cage back to other
- makes up floor of thoracic cavity
- helps regulate volume of thoracic cavity
17
Q
External Intercostals:
A
-run btwn ribs and pull rib cage upwawrd and outward during inspiration- increasing volume of thoracic cavity
18
Q
Internal Intercostals:
A
-run at angle opposite in direction top the external intercostals and pull down on and lower entire rib cage decreasing volume of thoracic cavity.
19
Q
Accessory Muscles of Respiration include:
A
- many that attach to rib cage and muscles of back, neck, and abdomen.
- use these when deeper inspirations are necessary
20
Q
Muscles of Abdomen:
A
- are active during expiration
- internal extercostals
- external extercostals
- transverse
- rectum
- work as unit to compress contents of abdominal cavity
- exert upward pressure on diaphragm and decreasing volume of thoracic cavity.
21
Q
For respiration to occur this must happen:
A
- lungs expand and contract to cause changes in volume
- muscles need external force to produce movement
- external force generated through structure and linkage of lungs and thorax.
22
Q
Pleural Linkage
A
-negative pressure w.in pleural space btwn visceral and parietal pleurae that permanently attaches lungs and thorax, forcing them to operate as unit.
23
Q
Other functions of the pleurae:
A
- provides smooth, friction-free surface for lungs and thorax to move against each other
- each lung is encased in own airtight visceral pleura for protection.
- emphasima, asthma, allergies, COPD, cystic fibrosis.
24
Q
Inhalation
A
- air pressure in lungs is - air from atmosphere force to enter respiratory system
- to decrease alveolar pressure, increase vol. of thoracic cavity and lungs
- contraction of diaphragm increases vertical dimension of thorax
- external intercostals contract and pull rib cage up and slightly out
- lungs expand and increase in vol
- alveolar pressure decreases, air forced into respiratory system through mouth/nose, throughout bronchial tree, and reach alevoli in lungs
- oxygen carried by circulatory system to every cell in body
25
Exhalation
- alveloar pressure must be higher than atmospheric pressure, vol of lungs must decrease
- diaphragm relaxes and decreases vertical dimension of thorax
- external intercostals relax, allow rib cage to return to original position
- lungs decreases in vol.
- alveolar pressure increases and air carrying CO2 brought to lungs by circulatory system forced out of lungs and respiratory system until alveolar pressure equalizes w. atmospheric pressure
26
Rate of Breathing
-changes from infancy to adulthood and also depends on level of activity..
27
Lung volumes:
- are single, nonoverlapping values
- lung capacities include 2 or more lung vols.
- refer to amnt of air in lungs at given time and how much of that air is used for various purposes, including speech
28
Respiratory Volumes:
- measured w. wet spirometer
| - breathe into tube, amnt of water is displaced and amnt of displacement is measured.
29
Tidal Volume
- amnt of air we breathe in and out during a cycle of respiration.
- varies on age, gender, and level of physical exertion
- females inhale and exhale less air during each cycle
- children w. smaller lungs have lower TV
30
Inspiratory Reserve Volume:
- amnt of air that can be inhaled above tidal vol.
| - used by speakers to obtain more air for long or loud utterance
31
Expiratory Reserve Volume:
- amnt of air that can be exhaled below tidal vol.
| - be used to sustain long phrase or tone w.o replenishing air (helpful for singers)
32
Residual Volume:
- amnt of air that is always in lungs and cant be exhaled voluntarily.
- around 1000 to 1500 cubic centimeters in adults
- amnt of air that remains in lungs even after max exhale.
- lungs can never be completely deflated.
33
Dead Air
-about 150 cc worth of air in upper respiratory passage and bronchial tree that isnt involved in oxygen-CO2 exchange
34
Vital Capacity
- combo of tidal vol, inspiratory reserve vol, and expiratory reserve vol.
- max amnt of air that a person can exhale after a max inhalation
- represents total amnt of air available for all purposes, including speech
- depends on age, size of person, increasing w. age
- avg value of 5000 cc for adults
35
Functional Residual Capacity
- amnt of air remaining in lungs and airways at resting expiratory level (at end of normal quiet exhalation)
- 2500-3500 cc in young adults
36
Total Lung Capacity:
- total amnt of air that lungs are capable of holding, including tidal vol, inspiratory reserve vol, expiratory reserve vol, and residtual vol.
- increases w. age and is influenced by gender
37
Development of Lung Volumes and Capacities:
- increase from infancy through puberty
- stay stable until later adult years, when start to decrease w. advancing age
- lung vols. and capacities are often expressed as %s of VC
38
Breathing for Life:
- unconscious, automatic process
- rate and extent of breathing determined by needs of our bodies at particular moment in time (vigorous exercise vs. sitting quietly)
39
Breathing for Speech:
- complicated bc need for approp. gas exchange is integrated w. linguistic considerations
- appropriate place in utterance to take a breath, approp. amnt of air for upcoming utterance, and prososdic variations
- based on lingusitic and prosodic considerations of speech, 4 major changes occur when we switch from breathing for life to breathing for speech.
40
Changes that Occur when Switching from Life Breathing to Speech Breathing: (4)
- Location of air intake: L: nose S: mouth
- Ratio of time for inhale vs. exhale: L: IN 40 EX: 60 S: IN 10 EX: 90
- Volume of air: L: 500 cc 10% VC S: Variable depending on length & loudness, 20-25% VC
- Muscle activity for exhalation: L: Passive: muscles of thorax and diaphragm relax S: Active: throacic and abdominal muscles contract to cntrol recoil of rib cage and diaphragm.
41
Rothenberg Face mask aka:
-pneumotach Air Flow and Air pressure
42
Air Flow Problem (disorders) too much air:
- cleft palate
- hearing impaired
- vocal nodules/ polyps
43
Need to keep muscles_______for exhalation:
- contracted. Parkinsons would have trouble.
| - different speech tasks require different vols. add more muscles when you get louder.
