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Biology 228: Microbiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What differentiates archaea and bacteria from eukaryotes?

A

They have no nuclei or any other membrane-bound organelles.

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2
Q

What are some prokaryote habits and functions?

A
  • They are extremely resilient and adaptable → They can be found everywhere on our planet, even under extreme conditions.
  • Prokaryotes also are abundant on and within the human body.
  • Bacteria thrive in the human mouth, nasal cavity, throat, ears, gastrointestinal tract, vagina, and skin (especially in moist areas).
  • Their existence is very important for the stability and thriving of ecosystems
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3
Q

What are three pros of prokaryotes?

A
  • Capturing (or “fixing”) and recycling elements.
  • Cleaning up the environment.
  • Regulates immunity
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4
Q

What are three cons of prokaryotes?

A
  • Some are human pathogens.
  • Can contaminate food → spoilage or foodborne illness.
  • Less than 1% of prokaryotes (all of them bacteria) = human pathogens and are responsible for a large number of the diseases that afflict humans.
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5
Q

What are cooperative interactions?

A

Benefits the interactions.

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6
Q

What are competitive interactions?

A

Populations complete for resources.

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7
Q

What is microbial ecology?

A

The study of interactions between organisms.

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8
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Any interaction between different species that are associated with each other → Symbiotic relationship.

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9
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Both species benefited

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10
Q

What is amensalism?

A

One species harmed and one species unaffected.

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11
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One species benefited and one species unaffected.

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12
Q

What is neutralism?

A

Both species are unaffected.

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13
Q

What is parasitism?

A

One species benefited and one species harmed.

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14
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

Microbiome refers to all prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms and their genetic material that are associated with a certain organism or environment.

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15
Q

What are resident microbiota?

A

They are present all the time.

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16
Q

What are transient microbiota?

A

They are present only some of the time.

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17
Q

Why are individuals more likely to get diseases if they are born via c-section?

A

Infants are first exposed to bacteria in the vaginal canal during childbirth increasing their immunity.

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18
Q

What does Lactobacillus do?

A
  • Produces lactic acid
  • Contributes to the acidity of the vagina and mouth
  • Inhibits yeast growth
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19
Q

What is the best way to classify prokaryotes?

A

Gene sequencing.

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20
Q

What are the two groups that gram positive bacteria can be sorted into?

A

High guanine and cytosine gram-positive bacteria (<50%)
or
Low G+C gram-positive bacteria (>50%)

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21
Q

How do you sort gram-negative bacteria?

A

Similarity of the nucleotide sequences in their genome.

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22
Q

What are facultative intracellular organisms?

A

They are capable of living and reproducing in or outside of host cells.

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23
Q

What are obligate intracellular organisms?

A

They are only capable of living and reproducing inside of host cells.

24
Q

What are the five types of gram-negative bacteria?

A
  • Alphaproteobacteria
  • Betaproteobacteria
  • Gammaproteobacteria
  • Deltaproteobacteria
  • Epsilonproteobacteria
25
Q

What are oligotrophs?

A

Organisms that have the ability to live in low-nutrient environments.

26
Q

What are some characteristics of alphaproteobacteria?

A
  • Obligate or facultative intracellular bacteria.
  • Some species oligotrophs
27
Q

What are rickettsia?

A
  • obligate intracellular pathogens that require part of their life cycle to occur inside other cells called ‘host cells’.
  • Rickettsia are metabolically inactive outside the host cell. They cannot synthesize their own adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and, therefore, rely on cells for their energy needs.
28
Q

What are some characteristics of betaproteobacteria?

A

Betaproteobacteria are a diverse group of bacteria. The different bacterial species within this group utilize a wide range of metabolic strategies and can survive in a range of environments.

29
Q

What is an example of betaproteobacteria?

A

N. gonorrhoeae (STI gonorrhea and meningitis)
- live on mucosal surface of human body
- difficult to culture

30
Q

What are some characteristics of gammaproteobacteria?

A

The most diverse class of gram-negative bacteria is Gammaproteobacteria, and it includes a number of human pathogens.

31
Q

One gamma bacteria is P. aeruginosa. What are some traits of this bacteria?

A
  • strictly aerobic, nonfermenting, highly motile.
  • It often infects wounds and burns, can be an important cause of respiratory infections in patients with cystic fibrosis or patients on mechanical ventilators.
  • difficult to treat because the bacterium is resistant to many antibiotics and has a remarkable ability to form biofilms (clusters of bacteria that are attached to a surface).
32
Q

What does H. influenzae cause?

A

-Upper and lower respiratory tract infections
Including: sinusitis, bronchitis, ear infections, and pneumonia.

33
Q

What is Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae)?

A
  • comma-shaped aquatic bacterium
  • thrives in highly alkaline environments like shallow lagoons and seaports.
  • leading to profuse watery diarrhea and dehydration.
34
Q

What is Legionella (L. pneumophila)?

A
  • responsible for Legionnaires disease
  • an aquatic bacterium
  • inhabits pools of warm water, such as those found in the tanks of air conditioning units in large buildings
35
Q

What is Enterobacteriaceae?

A

A large family of enteric (intestinal) bacteria belonging to the gamma.
- facultative anaerobes
- ferment carbohydrates

36
Q

What are the two categories of Enterobacteriaceae?

A

Coliforms and non-coliforms

37
Q

What are coliforms?

A

They are able to ferment lactose completely (production of acid and gas) – E. coli (Shiga toxin is one of the most potent bacterial toxins identified.)

38
Q

What are non-coliforms?

A

They either cannot ferment lactose or can only ferment it incompletely (acid or gas but not both). Salmonella spp or Shigella spp.

39
Q

What are characteristics of deltaproteobacteria?

A

A small class of gram-negative Proteobacteria that includes sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs), so named because they use sulfate as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

40
Q

What are some characteristics of epsilonproteobacteria?

A

The smallest class of Proteobacteria is Epsilonproteobacteria, which are gram-negative microaerophilic bacteria (meaning they only require small amounts of oxygen in their environment).

41
Q

What does the epsilon Campylobacter do?

A

can cause food poisoning that manifests as severe enteritis (inflammation in the small intestine).

42
Q

What does the Heliobacter, H. pylori, do?

A
  • a beneficial member of the stomach microbiota
  • is also the most common cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers of the stomach and duodenum.
  • produces urease and other enzymes that modify its environment to make it less acidic.
43
Q

What are the four nonproteobacteria?

A
  • Chlamydia
  • The spirochetes
  • The CFB group
  • Planctomycetes
44
Q

What is the trait of chlamydia?

A

Gram-negative

45
Q

What are the traits of spirochetes?

A
  • Gram negative
  • Use darkfield florescent microscopy
46
Q

EXAM: T. pallidum causes the sexually transmitted infection known as syphilis, Borrelia, and contains a number of pathogenic species. B. burgdorferi causes Lyme disease, which is transmitted by several genera of ticks

A

spirochetes

47
Q

What are the traits of the CFB group?

A
  • Rod shaped bacteria
  • Gram negative
  • Largest genus is Bacteroides in human large intestine 30% of entire gut microbiome
48
Q

What are the traits of planctomycetes?

A
  • Aquatic environments
  • Reproduce budding
  • Gram negative
49
Q

What is phototrophic bacteria?

A
  • use sunlight as their primary source of energy.
  • use solar energy to synthesize ATP through photosynthesis.
50
Q

What is photosynthesis that produces oxygen called in phototrophic bacteria?

A

Oxygenic photosynthesis

51
Q

What is photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen called in phototrophic bacteria?

A

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

52
Q

What type of stain is used on gram-positive bacteria?

A

Crystal violet

53
Q

How is crystal violet held by the gram-positive bacteria?

A

retained and stabilized within the multiple layers of matrix of peptidoglycan forming the cell wall.

54
Q

What is the taxanomic name os the class of high G+C gram-positive bacteria (>50%)?

A

Class Actinobacteria

55
Q

What are two features of class actinobacteria?

A

The vast majority are aerobic.
Several different peptidoglycans in the cell wall.

56
Q

What are features of low G+C bacteria?

A

Generally obligate anaerobes
Can form endospores

56
Q

What are low G+C gram-positive bacteria called?

A

Clostridia spp.

Biology 228: Microbiology (20 decks)

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