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Physio > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

rate of diffusion is determined by

A
  1. amount of substance available
  2. velocity of kinetic motion
  3. number and sizes of openings in the membrane through which the molecules or ions can move
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2
Q

Simple diffusion can occur through the cell membrane by two pathways

A

(1) through the interstices of the lipid bilayer
(2) through watery channels that penetrate all the way through some of the large transport proteins

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3
Q

High lipid solubles

A

oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, alcohol

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4
Q

2 important characteristics of protein channels

A

(1) Selectively permeable
(2) Opened or closed by gates regulated by voltage-gated channels or ligand-gated channels

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5
Q

opening and closing of gates are controlled in two principal ways

A
  1. Voltage gating
  2. Chemical (ligand) gating
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6
Q

Substances transported by primary active transport

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Potassium
  3. Calcium
  4. Hydrogen
  5. Chloride
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7
Q

carrier protein is a complex of
two separate globular proteins

A
  1. larger one called the α subunit
  2. a smaller one called the β subunit
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8
Q

3 specific feature of larger unit (a subunit)

A
  1. 3 receptor sites for binding calcium
  2. 2 receptor sites for potassium ions
  3. inside portion of this protein near the sodium binding sites has ATPase activity
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9
Q

Two especially important counter-transport mechanisms

A
  1. sodium-calcium counter-transport
  2. sodium-hydrogen counter-transport
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10
Q

Active Transport Through Cellular Sheets

A

(1) intestinal epithelium
(2) epithelium of renal tubules
(3) epithelium of all exocrine glands, (4) epithelium of the gallbladder
(5) membrane of the choroid plexus of the brain and other membranes

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11
Q

basic mechanism for transport of a substance through a cellular sheet

A

(1) active transport
(2) either simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion

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12
Q

Na+ in ECF

A

142

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13
Q

Na+ in Intracellular fluid

A

10

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14
Q

K+ in ECF

A

4

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15
Q

K+ in Intracellular fluid

A

140

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16
Q

random molecular movement of substances molecule by molecule

A

diffusion

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17
Q

energy that causes diffusion

A

energy of the normal kinetic motion of matter

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18
Q

movement of ions or other substances across the membrane in combination with a carrier protein

A

active transport

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19
Q

requires an additional source of energy besides kinetic energy

A

active transport

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20
Q

continual movement of molecules among one another in liquids or in gases

A

diffusion

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21
Q

diffuse far less rapidly than molecular substances because of their large size

A

colloids

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22
Q

kinetic movement of molecules or ions occurs through a membrane opening or through intermolecular spaces

A

simple diffusion

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23
Q

requires interaction of a carrier protein

A

facilitated diffusion

24
Q

aids passage of the molecules or ions through the membrane

A

carrier proteins

25
Q

One of the most important factors that determines how rapidly a substance diffuses through the lipid bilayer

A

lipid solubility

26
Q

total amount of water that diffuses in each direction through the red cell membrane during each second

A

100 times as the volume of red cell itself

27
Q

composed of integral cell membrane proteins that form open tubes through the membrane and are always open

A

pores

28
Q

provide selectivity that permits only certain molecules to pass through pores

A

diameter, electrical charge

29
Q

narrow pore that permits water molecules to diffuse through the membrane in single file

A

aquaporins/ water channels

30
Q

permit passage of potassium ions across the cell membrane about 1000 times

A

potassium channels

31
Q

structure of potassium channels

A

tetrameric structure

32
Q

form a narrow selectivity filter

A

pore loops

33
Q

Lines the selectivity filter

A

carbonyl oxygens

34
Q

sodium channel’s inner surfaces are lined with amino acid that are

A

strongly negatively charged

35
Q

provides a means of controlling ion permeability of the channels

A

gating of protein channels

36
Q

molecular conformation of the gate or of its chemical bonds responds to the electrical potential across the cell membrane

A

voltage gating

36
Q
A
37
Q

opened by the binding of a chemical substance with the protein

A

chemical (ligand) gating

38
Q

exceedingly important for the transmission of nerve signals from one nerve cell to another and from nerve cells to muscle cells to cause muscle contraction

A

acetylcholine channel

39
Q

carrier-mediated diffusion

A

facilitated diffusion

40
Q

Among the most important substances that cross cell membranes by facilitated diffusion

A

glucose, amino acids

41
Q

glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is activated by

A

insulin

42
Q

cell membrane moves molecules or ions “uphill” against a concentration gradient (or “uphill” against an electrical or pressure gradient)

A

active transport

43
Q

energy is derived directly from breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or of some other high-energy phosphate compound

A

primary active transport

44
Q

energy is derived secondarily from energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration differences of secondary molecular or ionic substances

A

secondary active transport

45
Q
A
46
Q

substances that are transported by primary active transport

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen, chloride

47
Q

active transport mechanism that has been studied in greatest detail

A

sodium-potassium pump

48
Q

responsible for maintaining the sodium and potassium concentration differences across
the cell membrane

A

sodium-potassium pump

49
Q

establish negative electrical voltage inside the cells

A

sodium potassium pump

50
Q

60-70 % of the cells’ energy requirement devoted to pumping Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell

A

nerve cells

51
Q

it controls the volume of each cell

A

Na+-K+ pump

52
Q

2 places primary active transport of hydrogen ions is important

A

(1) in the gastric glands of the stomach and

(2) in the late distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts of the kidneys

53
Q

have the most potent primary active mechanism for transporting hydrogen ions of any part of the body

A

parietal cells

54
Q

late distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts that also transport hydrogen ions by primary active transport

A

intercalated cells

55
Q
A

Physio (6 decks)

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