Chapter 4

Question 1

Reliability

Answer 1

How consistant the test is

Question 2

Validity

Answer 2

Is the test measuring what it is supposed to measure

Question 3

Test retest reliability

Answer 3

refers to the degree to which a test yields the same results when it is given more than once to the same person

Question 4

Alternate form reliability

Answer 4

The preparation of two forms of the same test

Question 5

Internal Consistency

Answer 5

Do different parts of the same tests yield the same results

Question 6

Spit Half reliability

Answer 6

A measure of internal consistency, often ascertained by comparing responses on odd-numbered test items with responses on even-numbered test items and seeing if the scores for these responses are correlated.

Question 7

Face validity

Answer 7

means that the user of a test believes that the items on that test resemble the characteristics associated with the concept being tested.

Question 8

Content validity

Answer 8

goes one step further and requires that a test’s content include a representative sample of all behaviours thought to be related to the construct (i.e., the concept or entity) that the test is designed to measure

Question 9

Criterion validity

Answer 9

An attribute of a test that gives higher scores to people already known to have greater ability in the area it tests. The concept arises because some qualities are easier to recognize than to define completely, such as artistic ability.

Question 10

Construct Validity

Answer 10

The validity of a test assuming a specific theoretical framework that relates the item the test measures, often rather abstract, to some other item that is more easily assessed. If the two sets of measurements correlate, the test is said to have construct validity.

Question 11

Clinical Approach

Answer 11

An approach to evaluating and interpreting the data on patients, making predictions, and coming to decisions that relies on the clinician’s experience and personal judgment, guided by intuition honed with professional experience rather than by formal rules

Question 12

Actuarial approach

Answer 12

An approach to evaluating and interpreting the data on patients, making predictions, and coming to decisions that relies exclusively on statistical procedures, empirical methods, and formal rules.

Question 13

EEG

Answer 13

Uses electrodes places in various parts of the scalp to measure the brain’s electrical activity

Question 14

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

Answer 14

A brain imaging technique in which a narrow band of X-rays is projected through the head. The X-ray source and detector rotate very slightly and project successive images. The exposures are combined by a computer to produce a highly detailed cross-section of the brain

-Can look at changes in structural abnormalities before and after the treatment of a disorder

Question 15

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 15

. A noninvasive technique for examining the structure and the functioning of the brain. A strong homogeneous magnetic field is produced around the head and brief pulses of radio waves are introduced. When the radio waves are turned off, radio waves of a characteristic frequency are emitted from the brain itself, which can be detected. The information gathered is integrated into a computer-generated image of the brain.

Question 16

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer 16

Neuorimaging technique that measures and maps brian activity by detecting changes in blood flow

Question 17

Event related potentials (ERPs)

Answer 17

Uses EEG that measures electrical activity generated by the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp

Question 18

MEG

Answer 18

Measures magnetic fields produced by neuronal activity using highly sensitive magnetometers

Question 19

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 19

A combination of computerized axial tomography and radioisotope imaging. Radiation is generated by injected or inhaled radioisotopes—that is, common elements or substances with the atom altered to be radioactive. As the substance is used in brain activity, radiation is given off and detected, allowing measurement of a variety of biological activities as the processes occur in the living brain.

Question 20

The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test

Answer 20

Respondents are asked first to copy the designs onto another card and then draw it from memory

Question 21

RBANS

Answer 21

-Modified version of the Gestalt test
-can be used as a brief screening tool of 12 subtests that covers a wide range of domains relevant to neurological impairment.

-The subtests cover five major domains of functioning: immediate memory, visuo-spatial/constructional ability, language, attention, and delayed memory

Question 22

MoCA test

Answer 22

this test assesses a broad range of domains, including attention and concentration, memory, executive functioning, visuo-constructional skills, and orientation in approximately 10 minutes, thus making it a more practical tool than the RBANS in busy hospital settings.

Question 23

Unstructured Interviews

Answer 23

tend to be open-ended, allowing the interviewer to pursue a specific line of questioning or to follow the patient’s lead. Patients are often under considerable stress, and are being asked to reveal very personal and sometimes embarrassing information to a stranger.

-They produce rapport= mutual trust and respect between clinician and patient

-Flaw: Poor relibaility and validity= the clinician’s own theoretical orientation and personality greatly influence

Question 24

Structural Interviewed

Answer 24

-The Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version IV
-Increase reliability, they tend to lack rapport, which is the trust and faith they have in each other

Question 25

Semi-Structured

Answer 25

-Have some leeway about questions -Questions are guided by an outline that lists certain dimensions of the patient's functioning that need to be covered -They use a mental status examination= appearance, behaviour of person, which is making a physical examination of a person

Question 26

Intellegence quotient (IQ)

Answer 26

Person's mental age (by tests)/chronological age and then times it by 100

Question 27

Standard Binet Intelligence Scales

Answer 27

Assesses five kinds of ability: fluid reasoning, knowledge, visual-spatial processing, quantitative reasoning, and working memory

Question 28

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)

Answer 28

This test was designed to measure diverse aspects of intelligence and consists of 10 core subtests and five supplementary subtests: four verbal comprehension tests, three working memory tests, five perceptual reasoning tests, and three processing speed tests

Question 29

Projective test

Answer 29

is that a person presented with an ambiguous stimulus will project onto that stimulus their unconscious motives, needs, drives, feelings, defences, and personality characteristics. Thus, the test reveals information that the person cannot or will not report directly. Projective tests are used to help clinicians form hypotheses about an individual’s personality.

Question 30

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 30

The oldest and probably the best known projective test. Based on the idea that people see different things in the same inkblot and that what they see reflects their personality. The blots are presented on separate cards and handed to the subject in a particular sequence.

Question 31

Exner System

Answer 31

A way of standardizing the scoring of responses in a Rorschach examination in order to increase its reliability and validity. The Exner system may have greater clinical validity for testing schizophrenia than depression or personality disorders.

Question 32

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 32

A psychological test using drawings on cards depicting ambiguous social interactions. Those being tested are asked to construct stories about the cards. It is assumed their tales reflect their experiences, outlook on life, and deep-seated needs and conflicts. Validity and reliability of scoring techniques are open to the same criticisms as those of the Rorschach inkblot test.

Question 33

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 33

The most widely used objective test of personality. The adjective “multiphasic” means that it assesses many aspects of personality. The test contains 567 questions grouped to form 10 content scales plus additional scales to detect sources of invalidity such as carelessness, defensiveness, or evasiveness. The revised and updated version, called the MMPI-2, focuses primarily on the main clinical disorders.

Question 34

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)

Answer 34

An objective test of personality developed to help clinicians make diagnostic judgments within the multiaxial DSM system, especially in the personality disorders found on Axis II.

Question 35

Experiment

Answer 35

A scientific procedure in which variables are manipulated and the effects on other variables are gauged. Large groups of subjects are generally used, and the results are analyzed statistically. In a true experiment, subjects are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups.

Question 36

Experimental group

Answer 36

The one exposed to a variable that is manipulated- the independent variable

Question 37

Random Assignment

Answer 37

A procedure that ensures each subject in an experiment has an equal probability of being in either the experimental or the control group, guaranteeing the equivalence of these groups.

Question 38

Dependent variables

Answer 38

The behavioural response on measures the researchers hypothesize would be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

Question 39

Control group

Answer 39

In an experiment, the group that experiences all aspects of the experiment, including assessments, in a manner identical to the experimental group, except for the manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 40

Experimental effect

Answer 40

The difference obtained in the dependent variable that occurs as a function of the manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 41

Pretest

Answer 41

In an experiment, an assessment of subjects on many measures prior to manipulation of the independent variable. Done for descriptive purposes.

Question 42

Post test

Answer 42

In an experiment, assessment of the subjects on several dependent variables judged to be important, in order to get a comprehensive picture of the effects of manipulating the independent variable

Question 43

Placebo effect

Answer 43

The phenomenon that individuals in treatment programs expect to get better, and as a result may feel an improvement, or that they report improvement to please the experimenter. From the Latin word meaning “I shall please.”

Question 44

Placebo

Answer 44

is a substance that looks and feels like the substance being tested but does not contain the active ingredient.

Question 45

Internal validity

Answer 45

The degree to which the changes in the dependent variable of an experiment are a result of the manipulation of the independent variable. If no alternative explanations are possible, the experiment has strong internal validity.

Question 46

External Validity

Answer 46

The generalizability of the findings in an investigation, or the degree to which the findings apply to other individuals in other settings.

Question 47

Quasi Experimental study

Answer 47

one in which the participants in the experimental group are not randomly assigned but selected on the basis of certain characteristics and in which there is no manipulation of independent variables.

Question 48

Confound

Answer 48

In an experiment, what occurs when two or more variables exert their influence at the same time, making it impossible to accurately establish the causal role of either variable.

Question 49

Correlational Method

Answer 49

A nonexperimental investigative method that measures the degree of relationship between two variables; behaviour is not manipulated but quantitatively measured and then analyzed statistically. Following the measurement of the variables, a statistical quantity called a correlation coefficient is computed. Generally requires a large number of participants.

Question 50

Longitudinal Studies

Answer 50

A scientific study in which a large number of people are evaluated with respect to the existence of psychological or behavioural features and are then followed up, often years or decades later, to determine whether they have developed a disease.

Question 51

Case study

Answer 51

A non-experimental investigative method resulting in a description of the past and current functioning of a single individual, generally the result of information gathered through intense interactions over long periods. Variables such as family history, education, employment history, medical history, social relationships, and the patient’s level of psychological adjustment are described. The goal is a description of an individual’s current problem, and its relation to that individual's past. A case study seeks to provide a theory concerning the etiology of a patient’s problem or psychological makeup, and/or a course of treatment and outcome. The oldest approach to the study of abnormal behaviour.

Question 52

Single subject designs

Answer 52

A nonexperimental investigative method that, like the case study, is based on the intense investigation of an individual subject, but avoids many criticisms of the case study by using experimentally accepted procedures. It uses observable behaviours that are quantifiable, quantifies the presence of the behaviour prior to any intervention, systematically applies readily observable and quantifiable interventions, and measures the effects of the intervention on the behaviours of the subject.

Question 53

ABAB design

Answer 53

Also called reversal design; a non-experimental investigative method, a variety of single-subject design, that requires the quantification of behaviour in its naturally occurring environment prior to any intervention. This constitutes the A phase or the baseline of the procedure. Next, in the B phase, the treatment is introduced in a controlled manner for a period of time. The next A phase constitutes the reversal, during which time the treatment is not provided, and the subject is exposed to the original baseline conditions. Finally, in the final B phase, the treatment is provided once again.

Question 54

Epidemiology

Answer 54

Is the study of the indidence and prevalence of disorders in a population

Question 55

Incidence

Answer 55

refers to the number of new cases of a disorder in a particular population over a specified time period, usually a year.

Question 56

Prevalence

Answer 56

is the frequency of a disorder in a population at a given point or period of time.

Question 57

Gene Environment Interactions

Answer 57

A term used to describe the phenotypic effects (i.e., observable characteristics) that are due to interactions between the environment and genes.

Question 58

Passive gene environment correlation

Answer 58

In this situation, one’s biological parents determine not only one’s genotype, but also the quality of one’s early experiences created by those biological parents (assuming that one is raised by one’s biological parents). As well, because of their higher intelligence and potentially higher-than-average salaries, these parents may have better access to more nutritious meals, have access to better childcare and schools, and provide a more stimulating environment for their children. Children in these situations passively receive genotypes and early environmental experiences contributing to high intelligence.

Question 59

Evocative (reactive) gene-environment correlation

Answer 59

In this situation, individuals’ heritable behaviours evoke an environmental response. Continuing with the example used above, children who, like their parents, begin to show signs of above-average intelligence may behave in particular ways. They may show better verbal skills, learn more quickly, or work more independently in class. All of these behaviours will elicit certain responses from others, such as school personnel labelling them as “gifted,” schools providing them with a more enriched educational experience, and prestigious universities offering them academic scholarships.

Question 60

Active Gene Environment Correlation

Answer 60

In this situation, individuals possessing particular heritable propensities by virtue of their genotype will be more likely to actively select certain environments. For example, highly intelligent children may be more likely to develop friendships with other bright children with similar interests, join clubs or associations that satisfy their curiosity in a particular subject field, or choose demanding majors in university. This tendency to select environmental experiences based on genotype is sometimes referred to as “niche-picking.

Question 61

Statistical Significance

Answer 61

An attribute of research results when it is extremely unlikely that they could have occurred purely by chance. The standard by which most research is judged as valuable or worthy of being published.

Question 62

Clinical Significance

Answer 62

An attribute of research results, referring to the practical utility of the treatment studied, that does not follow automatically from the results’ statistical significance.