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Digital Imaging > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

psp systems are either

A

cassette based or cassette less

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2
Q

cassette based psp systems different from conventions in that the cassette is

A

simply a light proof container that protects an imaging plate from light and handling

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3
Q

The PSP cassette consist of a

A

Durable, lightweight, plastic material

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4
Q

The PSP cassette is backed by thin sheet of ____ or _____ that absorbs back scatter x-ray photons

A

aluminum or lead

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5
Q

The PSP cassette contains a ____ material to protect against static, electricity, buildup, dust collection, and mechanical damage

A

anti static
felt

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6
Q

And PSP systems imaging plate consist of several layers

A

Protective layer, phosphor or active layer, reflective layer, conductive layer, color layer, support layer, and backing layer

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7
Q

In PSP systems, the radiographic image is recorded on a thin sheet of plastic known as

A

imaging plate

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8
Q

Protective layer

A

Very thin, tough clear plastic that protects the phosphor layer

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9
Q

This is a layer of photo stimulable phosphor that traps electrons during exposure. made of barium floral halide, and this may also contain a dye that differentially absorbs the stimulating light to minimize the light spread as much as possible

A

phosphor layer

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10
Q

Layer that sends light into a forward direction when released in the cassette reader, may be black to reduce the spread of stimulating light and escape of emitted light

A

reflective layer

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11
Q

What layer absorbs and reduces static electricity?

A

Conductive layer

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12
Q

located between the active layer in the support layer that absorbs a stimulating light, but reflects emitted light

A

color layer

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13
Q

Semi rigid material that gives imaging sheet some strength

A

support layer

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14
Q

Soft polymer that protects the back of the cassette

A

Backing layer

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15
Q

Cassette base, PSP systems containing window with a

A

Barcode label

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16
Q

If the cassette was correctly orientated, that image will be displayed

A

Correct

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17
Q

and PSP, the remnant beam interacts with electrons in the barium fluorohalide crystals contained within the imaging system. This interaction stimulates, or gives energy to electrons in the crystal, trapping them in the area of the cassette known as the.

A

color or phosphor center

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18
Q

Two types of PSP readers

A

Point scan and line scan

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19
Q

Contains an optical stage, a scanning laser beam, translation mechanics, light pick up guides, a photo multiplier, a signal transformer amplifier, and an analog digital converter

A

point scan readers

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20
Q

line scan readers are based on

A

simultaneous stimulation of the imaging plate, one line at a time

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21
Q

with light scan readers, the acquisition of Photostimulated luminance occurs with a

A

CCD linear array photodetector

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22
Q

PSL refers to the

A

The emission of light from the phosphor, after stimulation by the relevant light source

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23
Q

The line scan system requires a

A

lens array to focus each laserbeam to a corresponding point on the CCD array

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24
Q

What are the two scan directions?

A

fast scan, and low scan

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25
Fast scan direction
The movement of the laser across the imaging plate
26
slow scan direction (translation, or subscan)
The movement of the imaging plate through the reader
27
Light amplification of stimulated emission of radiation
laser
28
device that creates and amplifies a narrow, intense beam of coherent light
laser
29
The laser requires a
Constant power source to prevent output fluctuations
30
The laser beam passes through beam shaping object to an
Optical mirror that directs the laser beam to the surface of the imaging plate
31
During the reading process, the imaging plate is scanned with a
Helium laser beam (more recently a solid state laser diode)
32
The laserbeam is about ____ wide, with a wavelength of _____
100 micrometers 633 nanometers (670-690 for solid state )
33
The laserbeam scan the plate with a
Red light in a raster pattern
34
The red laser light is admitted at approximately
Two electron volts, which is necessary to energize the trapped electrons
35
The energy from the red laser light allows the trapped electrons to escape the active layer where the emit visible blue light at an energy of
3 electron volts as they relax to lower energy levels
36
As the imaging plate moves through or remain stationary in the reader, the laser scans across the imaging plate
Multiple times
37
The plate movement through the scanner is known as translation, because
Because it moves in a parallel manner at a certain rate through the reader
38
As the imaging plate is being scanned the process produces lines of light intensity information that are detected by a
Photodetector
39
Amplifies a light and send it to the ADC
Photo detector
40
The translation speed of the plate must be coordinated with the skin direction of the laser or the
Spacing of the scan lines will be affected
41
The more angled the beam is the more
Elliptical in the shape of the beam
42
The beam is shaped by special _____ that keeps the beam size, shape, and speed, largely independent of the beams position
optics
43
A beam deflector moves the laser beam rapidly back-and-forth across the imaging plate to stimulate the
phosphors
44
because the type of phosphor material in the imaging plate has an effect on the amount of energy required
Did laser in the imaging plate should be designed to work together
45
The typical throughput is _____ cassettes per hour
50
46
Digitizing a signal
The signing a numerical value to each light photon
47
In film screen radiographic resolution at its best is limited to
10 LP/MM
48
PSP imaging resolution is approximately
2.5- 5 LP/MM
49
Resolution detail is affected by the
Laserbeam spot size, translation speed, sampling, frequency, and laserbeam sweep
50
The smaller the diameter of the laserbeam
The higher the spatial resolution
51
Slower translation speed all allows more
Exposure to be detected
52
The higher the sampling frequency the more
exposure detected
53
Imaging plates are extremely sensitive to scatter radiation and should be
Erase to prevent a buildup of background signal
54
At least, once a week, the plates should be ran through a
Erase cycle to remove background radiation, and scatter
55
Systems automatically erase the plate by flooding it with
Light to remove any electrons, trapped after the initial reading
56
When using a cassette base system, the selection of the body part is usually done
After exposure
57
traditionally, KVP was chosen for _____ and _____, and mAs according to the
penetration and tissue type number of photons required for that body part
58
KVP values range from _____ to ____ of most digital projection systems
45-120
59
The k edge of phosphor imaging plates ranges from ___ to ___
30-50 kEv
60
The process of _____ is exactly the same in film
attenuation
61
Major difference between film and digital is the image contrast is no longer dependent on
kvp
62
in digital imaging contrast is determined by
Computer processing
63
Two important factors should be considered when selecting the PSP imaging cassette
type and size
64
Two types of imaging plates
Standard and high resolution
65
Cassette should be marked on the outside to indicate
high resolution imaging plates
66
High resolution, imaging plates contain a ____ compared to the standard plates
Thinner phosphor layer
67
The thinner phosphor layers result in greater image sharpness, because of the
Reduced amount of light spread
68
light spread can occur with any image capture system that involves
Release of light
69
High resolution imaging plates are limited to
Smaller cassette size is used for extremities mammography
70
The oscillating motion of a moving grid or buck blurs the grid lines and eliminates the
moire effect
71
PSP systems are more sensitive to low levels of radiation so the use of ____ is important
grid
72
Grid selection factors
Frequency, ratio, and focus
73
The number of gridlines per inch or centimeter
grid frequency
74
The higher the grid frequency or more lines per inch
The finer the grid lines in the image, and less they interfere
75
Typical grid frequencies
80-152 lines /inch
76
some manufacturers recommend no fewer than ___ lines per inch, and strongly suggest grid frequencies greater than ____
103, 150
77
The closer the grid frequency is to the laser scanning frequency, the greater likelihood of frequency harmonics, or matching, and the more likely the risk of
moire effects
78
The ratio of the height of the lead strips to the distance between them
Grid ratio
79
Grade ratios of ___ would be good for mobile
6:1
80
Grid ratios of ____ would be good for departmental
12:1
81
Most grids chosen by radiography departments are
parallel and focused
82
Parallel grids are less critical to beam centering, but should not be used at a distance less than
48 inches
83
Consist of lead strips, angled to coincide with the divergence of the x-ray beam, and must be used with specific distances using a precisely centered beam
focused grid
84
Increasing the collimation
Increases the contrast
85
this is extremely important and establishing the parameters that determine collimation borders and edges and histogram formation
image recognition phase
86
Image, recognition, phase agfa uses the term
collimation
87
image recognition phase carestream
segmentation
88
image recognition phase fuji
Exposure data, recognition
89
For common types artifacts
Image plate artifacts imaging processing artifacts Plate reader artifacts printer artifacts
90
this artifact can happen because of incorrect part, chosen on control panel incorrect sampling Poor technique
image processing artifact
91
Intermittent appearance of the extraneous line pattern that can be caused by problems in the electronics of the plate reader
plate reader artifacts
92
The gridlines must be ____ to the laser scan direction
perp
93
Artifact to wear fine white lines may appear on the image because of debris on the mirror in the laser printer
printer artifacts

Digital Imaging (1 decks)

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