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Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is attention?

A

Taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of several simultaneously possibly objects of trains of thought.

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2
Q

What are the 2 main aspects of consciousness for attention?

A

Focalization and concentration

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3
Q

What are the 6 varieties of attention?

A

External
Internal
Overt
Covert
Divided
Sustained

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4
Q

External attention

A

Attending to stimuli in world

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5
Q

Internal attention

A

one line of thought over another
selecting one response over another

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6
Q

Overt attention

A

Directing a sense organ toward a stimulus, like pointing eyes or turning head

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7
Q

Covert attention

A

Attending without giving an outward sign you are doing so

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8
Q

Divided attention

A

Splitting attention between two stimuli

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9
Q

Sustained attention

A

Continuously monitoring some stimulus

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10
Q

Why do we need attention

A

There are a lot of inputs at once. Lets us restrict processing to a subset of things, ideas, places, or moments

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11
Q

What is the study of attention primarily concerned with

A

Cognitive resources and their limitations

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12
Q

What is selective attention

A

Form of attention involved when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli

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13
Q

What is the cocktail party effect

A

In a cocktail party, a person couldnt attend to all conversations taking place at once. However, everyone has the ability to selectively listen to one convo, leading the rest to become unattended to and therefore background noise

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14
Q

What question does the dichotic listening task seek to solve

A

How much information do we process about things we arent paying attention to

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15
Q

Describe the dichotic listening task

A

Different messages simultaneously presented to right and left ears via headphones. Participants asked to repeat aloud (shadow) just one of them

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16
Q

What is a bottleneck theory of attention

A

Broadbents filter theory

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17
Q

What are the two aspects of broadbents filter theory

A

Filter selects one message to process
Selection occurs early, before meaning is processed

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18
Q

What is the problem with broadbents filter theory

A

The cocktail party effect

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19
Q

What are the two limitations of broadbents filter theory

A

Shadowing performance disrupted when listener hears own name in unattended message

People notice/remember hearing their name even if in a message that’s supposed to be blocked by attention filter

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20
Q

What is the modified filter theory called

A

Attenuation

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21
Q

Who founded the attenuation theory

A

Anne Treisman

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22
Q

What are the three aspects of the attenuation theory

A

Unattended messages not completely blocked

turn down the volume on unattended messages

Selection based partly on meaning

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23
Q

What are the two other approaches to attention theory

A

Spotlight model
Zoom lens model

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24
Q

What is the spotlight model

A

Attention restricted in space and moves from one point to the next. Areas within spotlight receive extra processing

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25
What is the zoom lens model
The attended region grows/shrinks depending on size of area being processed
26
Explain kahneman's view of attention as a resource
Availability of mental resources affected by state of arousal Choose to allocate attention based on enduring preferences, momentary intentions, and evaluation of capacity demands
27
What does arousal determine according to Kahneman's view of attention
Amount of resources that are available to allocation
28
Who founded the schema theory of attention
Neisser
29
Describe the schema theory of attention
We dont filter or attenuate unwanted material, we just dont acquire it in the first place Many unexpected events are never noticed
30
Describe the Neisser and Becklen 1975 study
Subjects watch 40 second clip and are told to pay attention to the players in the black shirt, counting the number of times they bass the basketball A woman walking with an umbrella is shown at the end of the clip. Subjects are asked if they noticed her.
31
What is inattentional blindness
Failure to notice a fully-visible, unexpected object because attention was engaged on another task, event, or object
32
What is change blindness
change in visual stimulus is introduced and observer doesnt notice.
33
What is divided attention
The ability to integrate in parallel multiple stimuli
34
What is divided attention synonymous with
Multi-tasking
35
What is the objective when teaching the skill of divided attention
Improve learner's ability to attend to 2+ things at once
36
What are the two aspects of the attention hypothesis of automatization
Attention needed during practice phase Attention determines what gets learned
37
Who founded the attention hypothesis of automatization
Logan and Etherton
38
How does attention relate to magic
Magic is a game of attention, and it is based on the idea that people cannot simultaneously focus attention on multiple tasks
39
What happens with practice
Activities require less cognitive capacity
40
What is the Stroop effect
cognitive interference - delay in reaction time occurs due to mismatch in stimuli
41
What is an example of the stroop effect
A color spelled out, but the text is in a color other than the one spelled
42
What are the three characteristics of automatic processing
Occurs without intention Occurs without conscious awareness Doesnt interfere with other mental activity
43
What is the feature integration theory
Theory that we perceive objects in two distinct stages
44
What is the first stage of feature integration theory
Automatic stage - register features like color/shape
45
What is the second stage of feature integration theory
Combine features into a unified object
46
What happens when attention is divided/overloaded in terms of the feature integration theory (and what is this called)
Illusory conjunction - We make errors in gluing features together
47
What is an example of illusory conjunction
If we see a red Honda and a blue Cadillac, we may remember seeing a red Cadillac
48
Who developed the feature integration theory
Anne Treisman
49
What did Anne Treisman tudy
The role of attention and automaticity in perception
50
What two types of research practices are involved in feature integration theory
Single feature search Conjunction search
51
What is an example of an attentional capture
A single number pops out against a background of letters, regardless of how many letters there are
52
What type of process is an attentional capture
Bottom up process
53
What is covert attention
Paying attention without moving eyes
54
What is overt attention
Selectively processing one location over others by moving eyes to point at that location
55
How does covert attention operate
Outside the center of gaze, shifting neural resources away from the foveola
56
How are neural resources shifted away from foveola in covert attention
Enhanced spatial resolution, discrimination, and processing speed of stimuli at the attended location
57
What is endogenous attention
Attention directed toward stimulus voluntarily
58
What is exogenous attention
Attention automatically and rapidly drawn toward a stimulus
59
How long does endogenous attention take
>300ms
60
How long does exogenous attention take
150ms or less
61
What tool is used for studying selective attention in the laboratory
Cuing
62
What are the two types of cues
Symbolic and stimulus
63
Symbolic cues
Orient attention toward another location
64
Stimulus cues
Orient attention to the stimulated location
65
What is the reaction time definition in cuing
A measure of the time from onset of a stimulus to response
66
What is a cue
A stimulus that might indicate where/what a subsequent stimulus will be
67
What are the three ways cues can be portrayed
Valid (correct info) Invalid (incorrect info) Neutral (uninformative)
68
What is the posner cueing paradigm
probe detection experiment where spatial validity between cue location and target location is manipulated
69
What are the reaction times in the posner cueing paradigm
Shorter on valid cue trials (target present at cued location) Longer on invalid cue trials (target present at non-cued location)
70
What is mindfulness mediation
Stay focused on the moment
71
What is mindfulness meditation correlated with (2 things)
Higher satisfaction with life and activation of prefrontal cortex
72
What could attention enhance
The processing of a specific type of stimulus
73
What two types of stimuli have enhanced processing when paid attention to
Fusiform face area Parahippocampal place area
74
What is the fusiform face area
An area in fusiform gyrus of human extrastriate cortex that responds preferentially to faces in fMRI studies
75
What is the parahippocampal place area
Region of cortex in temporal lobe of humans that appears to respond strongly to images of places (as opposed to isolated objects)
76
What is an example of a disorder of visual attention
Neglext
77
What is neglect and how is it caused
Visual field defect where one side of the world is not attended to as a result of damage to the parietal lobe
78
When is neglect most prominenet and long-lasting
After damage to the right hemisphere of the brain, particularly following a stroke
79
What are individuals with right sided brain damage unaware of
Objects to their left
80
What is a contralesional field
Visual field on the side opposite of a brain lesion
81
Give an example of contralesional field
Points to left of fixation are contralesional to damage to right hemisphere of brain
82
What is ipsilateral field
Visual field on the same side as brain lesion
83
What happens neurologically when a person demonstrates visual neglect
Although stimuli to neglected side isnt reported, it may be processed to a substantial degree- to the level of its identity or meaning
84
What have functional imaging studies demonstrated in terms of visual neglect
Activation in intact early visual areas even when patients have no conscious awareness for visual stimuli

BCSC (7 decks)

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