chapter 4

Question 1

a theory is____ in and apttemt to ____

Answer 1

interprests diverse observations to explain s omething

Question 2

experiment is a study in whcih researcher____ to___ in the ____

Answer 2

manipulates the Iv to make a change on the Dv

a on b

Question 3

what are the differences between corrialational study and expieremtnal

Answer 3

corrilational does not manipulate the iv but rather observes the pot relationship between each other

Question 4

stains neurons to differentiate them placing them in relief of neural chaos

Answer 4

golgi stain

Question 5

how do mylen stains work

what do they identify?

Answer 5

take up fattty mylon aroudn axon to id neural pathways

Question 6

what do nissel stains identify

Answer 6

cell body of neurons

Question 7

what do these stains reveal on the brain?

Answer 7

they just reveal anatomy but not function

Question 8

this stain reveals nuron anatomy and activity and can tell what behavior an animal was engages in

what stain is this?

Answer 8

autoadiography

Question 9

autoradiograpy is

Answer 9

makes neurons stand out visibly just as staining does, but it also reveals which neurons are active, and this information can be correlated with the behavior the animal was engaged in

Question 10

how does autoradiography work?

Answer 10

animal is injected with radioactive substance and asked to do a task whcih will make an image

Question 11

immunocytochemisty uses ____ to identify____ sucha as_____

Answer 11

antibodies attached to dye to id celular comp like receptors or neurotransmiters

Question 12

how do we locate a specific gene and telll if it is active

by making dna and docing it on strands on mrna

Answer 12

situ hyberdization

Question 13

how does an electron microscope work

Answer 13

passing beam of electons through thin slice of tissue, dfferent parts od tissue block or pass electon so make picutre

Question 14

eeg

Answer 14

recorded from two electrodes on the scalp over the area of interest; an electronic amplifier detects the combined electrical activity of all the neurons between the two electrodes

Question 15

there are 2 resolutions of eeg
temporal rsolution
SPACtial resolution

explain them

Answer 15

temporal= rapid tracking of events

spatial= where the signal is coming frm

Question 16

why are eegs useful?

Answer 16

detects arousal, afverage event related potential

Question 17

sterotatic instrument

hint: probe

Answer 17

location of anevctrode probe in the brain

Question 18

mciroeelctrodes

Answer 18

record from a single neuron and can even be inserted into the neuron

Question 19

what are some pros of optogenetic tecniques

Answer 19

they can be inserted in specific neurons/more cltr

surface neurons can be stimulated

can study movement regulation to memory

Question 20

removalof brain tissue

Answer 20

ablation

Question 21

damage to neural tissues are formal known as

Answer 21

lesions

Question 22

hwo does tms work

Answer 22

uses a magnetic coil to
induce a voltage in brain tissue. The device is held close to the scalp over the target area, as in Figure 4.14. TMS is pulsed at varying rates; frequencies of 1/s or lower decrease brain excitability, and frequencies of 5/s or higher increase excitability.

Question 23

ct san

Answer 23

produces a series of X-rays taken from different angles; a computer combines the series of two- dimensional horizontal cross sections, or “slices,” so that the researcher can scan through them as if they are a 3-D image of the entire organ

Question 24

tensor imagine mris measure

Answer 24

movement of water along axons

Question 25

PET scans work by

Answer 25

inject radioactive substance in brain to record activuity, can measure clucose, O2 intake, or bloodflow

Question 26

cons of fmri data

Answer 26

most of it is from monkeys has low sensitifity they scan whole brain instead of a speicif part of the brain

Question 26

this form of brain scan measures inc in oxygen levels

Answer 26

fmri

Question 27

family study

Answer 27

how strongly a characteristic is shared among relatives,

Question 28

if i want to measure drawrfism among a linage of people, i shoiuld probably use what type of stufy?

Answer 28

family study

Question 29

corrilation is

Answer 29

degree of relationship between two variables, measured on a scale between 0.0 and ±1.0

Question 30

in this type of experiment we do NOt manipulate the varible but measure simulatity between partents

Answer 30

adoptions tudy

Question 31

why are adoption studys better than family studies

Answer 31

DONT control is the prenatal environment

Question 32

twin studies

Answer 32

assess how similar twins are in some characteristic; their similarity is then compared with that of nontwin siblings, or the similarity between identical twins is compared with the similarity between fraternal twins

Question 33

concordinance rate

Answer 33

frequency with which relatives are alike in a characteristic

Question 34

genric engineering

Answer 34

manipulation of the organism’s genes or their functioning.

Question 35

finding out what a gene does and disabling it is called the

Answer 35

the knockout technique,

Question 36

The antisense RNA procedure blocks

Answer 36

the participation of messenger RNA in protein construction. This is accomplished by inserting strands of complementary RNA into the animal,

Question 37

what happens in gene transfer

Answer 37

anoter orgnaism is insterted into the reciprients vcells

Question 38

the treatment of disorders by manipulating genes is

Answer 38

gene therapy

Question 39

a pro of gene therapy is

Answer 39

multiple generations get this effect

Question 40

plagerism is___ and involes the intent to

Answer 40

theft of another’s work or ideas. decieve

Question 41

faking rsults si called____ it is mroe serious than plagerism bc

Answer 41

fabrication spreading msiinformatoion and can cause serious harm to ppl

Question 42

what is informed concent

Answer 42

individual voluntarily agrees to participate after receiving information about any risks, discomfort, or other adverse effects that might occur.

Question 43

what id deceipton

Answer 43

failing to tell the participants the exact purpose of the research or what will happen during the study, or actively misinforming them.

Question 44

whynis animal reserch not going away

Answer 44

the benifits outweigh the cons

Question 45

Which brain imaging technique had been criticized as having low test-retest reliability?

Answer 45

fMRI

Question 46

you can CHEMICALLY STIMULATE the brain using a device called the

Answer 46

cannula

Question 47

what is the difference between between transmission and scanning microscope?

Answer 47

transmission: works by passing a beam of electrons through a thin slice of tissue; different parts of the tissue block or pass electrons to different degrees scanning: induces the specimen to emit electrons itself, and these are captured just as the conventional microscope collects reflected light