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Psychology Exam 2 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Social Cognition

A

The ways in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about our social world

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2
Q

Social Categorization

A

Automatic process of forming categories of people based on their common attributes

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3
Q

Prototype

A

The most representative member of a category (Vague & Created through experience)

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4
Q

Exemplar

A

A specific person that we have memories of when thinking about a certain category

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5
Q

Schema

A

A n organized structure about a stimulus that is built up from experience
- created through expereince
- guides in processing info
- how we store memories

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6
Q

Person Schema

A

Contains people’s understanding of the psychology

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7
Q

Gender Schema

A

A cognitive structure for processing information on perceived female or male qualities
- adheres to cultural standards

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8
Q

Scripts (Event Schemas)

A

Cognitive structure that organizes information about about information about the sequences of events in well known situations
- Expectations about what will happen
- Culture Bound

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9
Q

Priming

A

Recent exposure to certain stimuli increases the accessibility of certain memories, categories, or schemas

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10
Q

Consistency Seekers

A

People who are motivated to reduce cognitive dissonance

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11
Q

Naive Scientists

A

People who are highly rational thinkers and make slow an accurate decisions

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12
Q

Cognitive Misers

A

People who want to do least amount of mental work when making a decision; use cognitive shortcuts

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13
Q

Motivated Tactician

A

a person who alternates between using quick, thinking and more thorough strategies based on their motivation level.

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14
Q

Effects of Schemas

A
  • Easier to remember information if it fits into your schema
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15
Q

Stereotypes

A

Generalized beliefs about group members

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16
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

When a relationship between two variables is expected, participants often overestimate the degree of relationships that exist or impose a relationship when none actually exist

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17
Q

What study supports Illusory Correlation

A

Chapman (1967) and Hamilton and Grifford (1976)

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18
Q

Chapman Methodology

A
  • Lion-tiger Study
  • words paired together at an equal ratio
  • Participants were asked how often each word was paired with the other words
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19
Q

Chapman (1967) Results

A

Words commonly associated together were reported to have occurred together more often

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20
Q

Chapman Independent Variable

A

Word Pairs (Lion-Tiger, Eggs-Bacon, Lion-Bacon)

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21
Q

Chapman (1967) Dependent Variable

A

Participants estimation on how often each word was paired with the other words

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22
Q

Associative Meaning

A

Two items seen as belonging together based on prior expectations

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23
Q

Paired Distinctiveness

A

Two items are thought to go together because they share unusual features

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24
Q

Hamilton & Grifford (1976) method

A
  • Participants read statements about group a and group b
  • Group B was the minority group (had less overall statements)
  • Both groups had the same ratio of positive and negative statements
  • Participants were told to estimate the number of positive statements about each group
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25
Hamilton and Grifford (1976) Independent Variable
Participants reading statements about group a and group b
26
Hamilton and Grifford (1976) Dependent Variable
Participants estimating the number of positive statements about each group
27
Heuristics
A rapid form of thinking that uses mental shortcuts that reduce complex judgments
28
When do people use heuristics?
- make complex judgments in a short period of time - large volume of info
29
Representative Heuristic
Assuming someone is a member of a certain category/group because they possess attributes we associate with that category/group
30
Availability Heuristic
The frequency or likelihood of an event in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of that event
31
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
A tendency to to be biased toward the starting value or anchor in making quantitative judgements
32
Hindsight Bias
After an event has occurred, overestimate our ability to have foreseen the outcome
33
Counterfactual Thinking
Evaluating events by imagining alternative versions or outcomes to what actually happened
34
Why do we do counterfactual thinking
to help us feel better after a negative outcome
35
Person/Social Perception
The process by which we try to detect other people's temporary states, beliefs, traits, and abilities
36
Nonverbal Communication
Communicating feelings and intentions without words
37
Primary Facial Expression Emotions
Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happiness, Surprise, Sadness, and Contempt
38
Nonconscious Mimicry
The tendency to adopt the behaviors, postures, or mannerisms, of interaction partners without conscious awareness
39
Social Role Theory
The theory that all behavioral differences between males and females can be accounted for in terms of cultural stereotypes about gender and resulting social roles are taught to the young
40
Central Traits
Traits that exert greater influence on people's overall impressions than other traits
41
Implicit Personality Theory
A type of schema people use to organize and make sense of which personality traits and behaviors go together
42
Confirmation Bias
Seek information that supports our preexisting beliefs (and first impressions) while ignoring disconfirming info
43
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
The Process by which someone's expectations about a person or group leads to the fulfillment of these expectations
44
What does the Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) study support
Self Fulfilling Prophecies
45
Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) Method
- IQ test to students, informed teachers of potential bloomers - Placebo Affect --> Teachers gave more attention to the students told to be special and they improved; the other students did worse or had no improvement
46
Rosenthal & Jacobson Independent Variable
Student Random Assignment of potential bloomer or non potential bloomer
47
Rosenthal & Jacobson Dependent Variable
Performance of children on IQ test 1 year later
48
Belief in a Just World
Belief system that world world is fair and equitable (people get what they deserve good or bad)
49
Pros of Belief in a Just World
- sense of control - less depression and stress - more satisfaction
50
Cons of Belief in a Just World
- Defensive Attributions - Victim Blaming
51
Defensive Attrubutions
The tendency to make attributions which help one deal with perceived inequities in others lives to maintain the belief in a just world
52
what study supports belief in a just world
Walster (1996)
53
Walster (1996) Method
- Participants given a car accident report ab guy who's parking brake came loose and rolled down a hill - Car either causes severe or minimal damage - Participants asked to indicate the extent to which they attributed responsibility to guy for accident - Severe Damage --> More responsible - Minimal Damage --> Less responsible
54
Walster (1996) Independent Variable
Car causes either severe or minimal damage
55
Walster (1996) Dependent Variable
Participants asked to indicate the extent to which they attributed responsibility to guy for accident
56
Correspondent Inference Theory
make inferences about people's stable dispositions when behaviors can be explained by the situation
57
What study supports the correspondent inference theory
Castro Study Jones and Harris (1967)
58
Castro Study Independent variables
1. Pro or Anti Castro Essay 2. Told the writer was coerced to write pro Castro or was allowed to freely choose position
59
Castro Study Dependent
Participants guess the students true position
60
Castro Study Results
Participants ignored the fact that they were coerced by their teacher and still thought they were pro Castro

Psychology Exam 2 (1 decks)

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