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Biology 11 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell theory

A
  • all living things are made of one or more cells
  • cells are the smallest unit of living organisms
  • new cells come from old cells by cell division
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2
Q

Somatic Cells

A

-body cells of plants and animals
- forms body of organism (not reproductive cells)

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3
Q

PHASES OF CELL DIVSION

A

G1: rapid growth and cell activity
S : DNA synthesis and replication
G2: cell prepares for division

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4
Q

Cancer is the result of

A

uncontrolled rapid division

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5
Q

Tumours form from

A

cancerous cells progressing from one cell division to the other resulting in a mass of cells

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

structure in the nucleus containing DNA

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7
Q

SISTER CHROMATID

A

One of 2 chromosomes (identical) held together at the centromere

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8
Q

Spindle fibers

A

made of hollow tube like structures called microtubules. regulates movement of chromosomes in a cell.

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9
Q

Centrosome

A

Structure that helps to form spindle fibre

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10
Q

genome

A

The complete DNA sequence of an organism

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11
Q

shape of a DNA strand

A

Spiral shape called a double helix

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12
Q

The individual units of each strand of DNA are called

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

Nucleotides are composed of

A

A phosphate group, a sugar group and a base

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14
Q

The four bases in DNA are

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine
A-T G-C

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15
Q

A DNA mutation or a genetic mutation is

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

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16
Q

When DNA is replicated during an interphase of double helix

A

unwind and each strand of DNA serves as a template for a new strand

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17
Q

The method of DNA replication is called

A

semiconservative
because new DNA molecule conserves half of the original DNA

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18
Q

human somatic cells have ______ chromosomes. These can be organized into ______ pairs of chromosomes.

A

46, 23

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19
Q

Sex chromosome

A

An X or Y chromosome, which determines the genetic sex

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20
Q

Female chromosome

A

XX

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21
Q

Male chromosome

A

XY

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22
Q

Sex chromosomes are a pair the remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are called

A

Autosomes, which is a chromosome not determining the sex

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23
Q

Homologous chromosomes

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A

Chromosome that contains the same sequence of genes as another chromosome

24
Q

Allele

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A

Different form of the same gene these different forms account for the differences and specific traits such as brown hair versus blonde hair

25
Karyotype
A photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell
26
Gamete
Male or female reproductive cell
27
Cell formed by the fusion of two gametes
Zygote
28
in humans, the joining of male and female haploid gametes
Fertilization
29
A cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Haploid
30
so that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes
Diploid
31
Meiosis
Cellular process that produces cells containing half the number of chromosomes as a parent cell
32
Synapsis
The lining of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I and Meiosis I
33
Difference between Meiosis I and Meioisis II
MEIOSIS II IS HAPLOID MEIOSIS I IS DIPLOID
34
Spermatogenisis
process of producing male gametes in mammals
35
oogenesis
process of producing female gametes in mammals
36
In spermatogenesis four haploid sperm cells form ____ diploid cell
one
37
In oogenesis one haploid mature cell forms from a _______ celll
diploid
38
Two eggs are released and both are fertilized. What is born?
fraternal twins
39
single zygote divides into 2 separate bodies in the first few days. What’s born?
Identical twins
40
deletion
piece of chromosome is lost
41
duplication
identical piece of chromosmes occurs twice or more in a row on same chromosome
42
inversion
segment of chromosmes is flipped dna out of sequence
43
translocation
portion of one chromosome inappropriately attachtches to another chromosmes
44
Somatic cells are similar size, contain the same genes What do they not share
SAME ALLELES
45
at the end of meiosis II how many haploid cells have been formed from original parents cell?
4
46
Plasmid gene cloning role
It’s a vector which acts as a carrier of the gene to be cloned
47
Dna is similar to a ladder how
DNA is like a ladder with the sugar-phosphate backbone forming the sides and the paired nitrogenous bases (A-T and C-G) as the rungs. However, this comparison is limited because DNA is twisted into a double helix, not a straight ladder.
48
2 key outcome of meiosis
genetic reduction and genetic recombination
49
NON disjunction is
down syndrome
50
significance of the discovery that somatic cells can be induced
opens new possibilities for regenerative medicine
51
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY IS USED TO CREATE
transgenic organisms
52
3 applications of transgenic organisms
agriculture medicine research
53
chromosomes appear, unwounded chromatin during interphase, but coil during mitosis explain the advantage
allows for gene activity while coiling during mitosis to protect and organize with the chromosomes for accurate cell division
54
what plant or animal tissue would be best to use for studying each of the following processes mitosis
Skin bc it’s identical
55
agree or disagree the sex chromosomes in a human are a homologous pair
disagree if it’s male it’s xy and if it’s female it’s homologus bc xx
56
what would happen if a chromosome synapsed with a non-homologous chromosome during meiosis rather than its homologue
cause transallocation which would cause a dna structure problem

Biology 11 (1 decks)

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