Chapter 4 Flashcards
(10 cards)
Why was Margo Cowan fired from the Manzo Area Council in April 1976?
She was accused of disloyal behavior and discrediting the agency that funded Manzo, likely due to her work aiding undocumented immigrants, which triggered a federal raid and investigation.
What triggered the federal raid on the Manzo Area Council office?
A dozen federal officers from INS, Border Patrol, and the US Attorney’s Office raided the office, accusing Manzo of harboring undocumented immigrants and helping them obtain welfare benefits.
How did immigration enforcement in Tucson change in 1974?
Border Patrol began operating within the city, conducting arrests at churches, bakeries, and community spaces—an unprecedented expansion from their usual checkpoints.
What economic and demographic trends in Mexico contributed to increased migration in the 1970s?
Mexico’s population exceeded 70 million, and with low wages and economic stagnation, many sought better opportunities in the US.
What legal precedent gave Border Patrol wide discretion in targeting Mexicans?
In 1975, the Supreme Court ruled that Border Patrol could arrest someone based on appearance, reasoning that “the likelihood that any given person of Mexican ancestry is an alien is high.”
What was the outcome of the court battle over the Manzo documents and indictments?
Charges against Cowan and others were dropped in 1977 after Jimmy Carter took office, and Manzo received formal certification to legally represent undocumented immigrants.
What led to the deaths of half the 27 Salvadoran refugees in the Organ Pipe Cactus desert in July 1980?
They were abandoned by smugglers, lacked food and water, and succumbed to dehydration and heat exposure while attempting to cross into the US.
How did Lupe Castillo’s background shape her response to the Salvadoran refugee crisis?
As a grad student studying U.S. intervention in Central America, she understood the geopolitical context and committed herself full time to immigration defense.
What role did Father Ramón Dagoberto Quiñones play in helping Salvadoran refugees?
He sheltered them in his church in Nogales, timing their border crossings to avoid Border Patrol patrols and helping Manzo locate essential documents.
What systemic distinction did Border Patrol make between Mexican and non-Mexican migrants?
Mexicans were quickly returned without formal deportation, while OTMs (“other than Mexicans”) like Salvadorans faced longer detentions and more paperwork, requiring legal representation and bond.
